Why did the Ming fall?

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 — Why did the Ming fall?，文章讲述郑和从1405年到1433年七次前往西海，成为中国航海历史上最自豪的事件。自1402年以来，成祖就向明代太监郑和下令，率领舰队前往西海。“郑和的航程比哥伦布早87年，比加马早93年，比伽马早116年。比麦哲伦（中国文化）。明朝的远征始于欧洲国家近一个世纪。但是，为什么郑和下西洋之后，明朝就拒绝了，而欧洲国家却占领了世界上许多殖民地？实际上，中国的封建社会自明代中期以来就开始衰落。我认为原因可以从政治，经济和社会方面加以说明。

Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Sea for seven times from 1405 to 1433 became the proudest event in Chinese navigation history. Zheng He, a court eunuch in Ming Dynasty was sent for leading fleets to the Western Sea by Emperor Cheng Zu since 1402. “Zheng He’s voyages are 87 years earlier than that of Columbus, 93 years earlier than that of Gama, and 116 years earlier than that of Magellan”(Chinese Culture. Org). Ming Dynasty’s expedition started nearly a century ahead of European countries. But why Ming Dynasty declined after Zheng He’s voyages while European Countries occupied numerous colonies all over the world? As a matter of fact, Chinese feudal society began to decline since the Middle Ming Dynasty. I think the reasons can be illustrated from political, economical and social aspects.

Politically, the ruling of Ming Dynasty was nearly the darkest in Chinese history in terms of the incompetent emperors and the supreme power of eunuchs. To start with, Ming Dynasty had the most incompetent rulers than any other dynasties had. The founder of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (Ming Taizu, 1328-1398) was the most illiterate among all Chinese emperors. He was born in a poor peasant family with all the other family members starving to death and he was once even a beggar when he was a kid. For the lack of education, he couldn’t provide his offspring proper instruction in governing the country.

Second, the bureaucratic system of Ming Dynasty reversed the country’s development in some way. To strengthen the control of the country, Zhu Yuanzhang replaced the position of Prime Minister for the Cabinet of Grand Secretaries. As a result, the Emperor’s power was greatly enhanced because he had direct power over the Six Ministries. It may not be bad influence if the emperor was a very wise one. But the rulers in Ming Dynasty were not, so the elimination of Prime Ministry proved to be a bad impact on the country’s management.

Third, Zhu Yuanzhan’s enfeoffment was a kind of historical retroversion, which appeared only in Han Dynasty. The emperor’s initial purpose was to unite his sons against uprisings and outside invasion. It may help strengthening his power but also armed his sons, so after his grandson Zhu Yunwen took over the throne, it lasted only four years when his uncle Zhudi launched a coup. To much extent, Ming Dynasty’s enfeoffment law was a barrier to the country’s development.

Fourth is the establishment of spy agencies, which was under the direct control of the emperor, independent of the civil service bureaucracy. Since the first emperor, there emerged Jin Yi Wei, an organization formed by spy agents and Eastern Depot as well as Western Depot, formed by eunuchs. The members of Jin Yi Wei were the secret agents of the emperor, who were dispersed all over the country to spy for the emperor. The establishment of Jin Yi Wei was both a way to enhance the emperor’s absolutism and also the introduction of cruel punishment.

Eunuchs during the Ming Dynasty gained unprecedented power over state affairs. Since the Middle and Late Ming Dynasty, Eunuchs sometimes even surpassed the emperors’ power, among whom Wei Zhongxian was the most powerful and notorious eunuch in Chinese history. He was best known for his service in the court of the Tianqi Emperor (1620–27), when his power eventually rivaled that of the emperor.

The existence of Ji Yi Wei or Eastern and Western Depot deteriorated the chaos of Ming Dynasty. Many Bureaucrats were wronged by the organizations for their false accusation.

In economics, the measures taken by Ming Dynasty were not helpful, either. Although Zheng He’s exploration on the sea was more half a century ahead, the objective for the voyages was for political reason while voyages carried out by European countries were for trade purpose only. The Emperor, Zhu Di sent Zheng He on voyage was for spreading the influence of China, to show the world how powerful the country was. The navigator’s expedition facilitated China’s foreign trade to some extent, but couldn’t help too much in the economical development. In addition, the way Ming Dynasty dealt with trade was not proper. To demonstrate the the Kingdom of Heaven’s power, the court always dispatched large amount of goods to other countries. Either when Zheng He was doing trade in overseas country or when foreign leaders coming to China, China always returned their business partners with much more valued goods, which was totally against the rule of equivalent exchange.

Another obstacle in the process of Ming Dynasty’s economical development is the seclusion policy of the country, caused by coastal pirates’ invasion. Though General Qi Jiguang was sent for fighting against the pirates, the rulers took negative attitude toward the coastal invasion. The shutdown of foreign trade tremendously obstructed the country’s economy.

Socially speaking, one main factor comes from the cultural area. Because of Zhu Yuanzhang’s illiteracy, Ming Dynast had the most rigid imperial examination. The examination content was confined to the Four Books and Five Classics (traditional Confucian books) and the form was called Ba Gu Wen, a stereotyped style including eight parts. There is an old Chinese saying nothing is lofty except reading. In Chinese feudal society, one could only stand out by taking the imperial examination. So very few students would study other subjects such as natural science. The imperial examination greatly restricted the talents’ development, which accordingly affect the country’s scientific development while western countries were blooming in all areas.

With all the above-mentioned political, economical and cultural factors for the decline of Ming Dynasty, there are still some reasons which cannot be defined in one specific aspect. Some factors are intersectional. The establishment of enfeoffment also resulted in economical and social problems. The land the emperors enfeoffed the princes were robbed from the farmers. With the expansion of the princes’ families, the land plundered from the peasants was increasing, which severely restricted the development of agricultural economy. The loss of land also caused large-scale famine. In the late Ming Dynasty, thousands of people were starved to death, which finally led to the famous peasantry uprising led by Li Zicheng, who defeated Ming Dynasty’s army and founded a new regime called Dashun, which was later eliminated by Qing Dynsaty. The combined problems in the aspects of politics, economics or society finally led to the decline and collapse of Ming Dynasty, which not only signifies the dynasty’s fall but also the start of Chinese feudal system’s decline as well as the disappearance of China’s position as a superpower in the world.

Preliminary Bibliography Source:

“MingDynasty” , http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_22829.htm

2. “Zheng He”,

http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_22644.htm

3. Ming History, Chinese Book

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Guinea-Bissau

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 — Guinea-Bissau，文章讲述几内亚比绍共和国是非洲西海岸的一个国家，国土面积为36125千平方公里，其中包括28000平方公里的土地和81200平方公里的海洋。该国人口超过154万，人口密度为每平方米42人。几内亚比绍是前葡萄牙殖民地。长期的掠夺和殖民统治使该国的工业基础非常薄弱，矿产资源尚未得到开发。

Guinea-Bissau

Republic of Guinea-Bissau is a country in the west coast of Africa with the national territory area of 36.125 thousand square kilometers, including 28 thousand square kilometers of land and 8.12 thousand square kilometers of ocean. The country has a population of more than 1.54 million and the density of population is 42 persons per square meter. Guinea-Bissau is a former Portuguese colony. The long period of depredations and colonization left the country a very weak foundation of industry, and the mineral resources have not yet been explored. The economy in the country is dominated by agriculture, upon which more than 80 percent of the population depends. The total area of land suitable for farming is 900 thousand hectares, of which only 29 percent is utilized. Besides, the fishery resources in Guinea-Bissau are fairly rich. Sending fishing permits and the export of fish and other seafood are the main sources of Foreign exchange earnings. In the year of 1981, Guinea-Bissau was listed as one of the least developed countries by the United Nations.

Key Words: Guinea-Bissau; economy; analysis

Contents

Ⅰ. Introduction 3

Ⅱ. History and Geography 3

Historical Characteristics 4
Geographical Conditions 4

Ⅲ. Economy of Guinea-Bissau 5

Weakness of Industry 6
Domination of Agriculture 7
External Economic Relation 8

Ⅳ. Prospects and Direction of Development 9

Challenges and Opportunities 9
Tourism-A New Industry 10

Ⅴ. Conclusion 11

Analysis of Economic Development of Guinea-Bissau

Introduction

Guinea-Bissau is an agricultural country with a very weak foundation of industry. It is one of the least developed countries published by the United Nations. According to the statistics announced by the World Bank, Guinea-Bissau is listed the sixteenth of the least developed countries.

Guinea-Bissau is a former Portuguese colony. In the year of 1973, Guinea-Bissau declared independence. At the beginning period of its independence, there were only a dozen small-sized processing factories over the country. Because of a continuing war during that time, food shortage was extreme serious and could not be self-sufficient and the growth rate of real per capita output was only 110 dollars (White 12).

With great difficulty and challenge, the government of Guinea-Bissau is trying to find a way to develop the economy of the country. However, there are many factors lying in the way of its development, and the way forward also seems to be harsh and difficult. Meanwhile, there is also opportunity hidden behind the challenges.

History and Geography of Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau is a tropical country located in the west coast of Western Europe. The territory of this country is mainly on the main land, with a long winding coastal line. Guinea-Bissau experienced a long time of fighting for national independence. Being a former colonial country of Portage, the people of the country fought a long way to build their own nation. Finally in the year of 1973, Guinea-Bissau ushered her day of independence.

Historical Characteristics

Guinea-Bissau, like other countries of Africa, was not an independent country from ancient time till the fifteenth century. In the year of 1446, Portuguese colonists invaded the land, which stirred the local people to continuous resistance.

In 1908, a large uprising, which lasted for an amazing nine years, was exploded in the country. Following that, a serious of smaller uprisings were continuously started in the year of 1920, 1932 and 1939. Till the twentieth century, the resistance experienced a new progress.

In November of 1973, the first National People’s Parliament was opened and the Republic of Guinea-Bissau was formally declared independence. Soon after its independence, Guinea-Bissau accepted the admission from more than eighty countries and organizations, including the United Nations. In the beginning period of its foundation, the industrial development was faced with a harsh circumstance with only a few factories over the country due to the destruction of years of wars. What was even worse was that the food could not be self-sufficient. The government paid great efforts in rebuilding the nation, and restored its economy to some extend. However, Guinea-Bissau still had a long way to go before getting rid of extreme poverty.

Geographical Conditions

Guinea-Bissau has a typical subordinate savanna climate. The country is in the season of summer throughout the year. The temperature of the mainland is rather high all the year round, with the average environment temperature reaching 27 degrees centigrade. In normal years, the rainfall of the north area is around 1500 millimeters, and that of the coastal area of the south is up to 3000 millimeters, which is far more than the mainland. With the influence of the Sahara Dessert, the evaporation is increasing and surpassing the rainfall, causing serious drought in this country. The tropical soil “are easily leached” (Bohannan 172), adding difficulty to agriculture.

Guinea-Bissau is rich in natural a variety of resources. What is more, there is abundant petroleum in coastal area. However, it is a pity that such bounty of the resources in the country is not fully utilized.

It is worth mentioning that the forestry resource in Guinea-Bissau is so rich that about 56 percent of the land there is covered by forest. The reservoir of wood is nearly 50 million cubit meters, the deforestation of which is about 55 thousand cubic meters per year (Snoek 2004). The wood, which is also in good quality, becomes one of the most important exports in Guinea-Bissau.

As a coastal country with a long coastal line, Guinea-Bissau has rich fishery resources. According to relevant research, the annual overall harvest reaches 250 thousand to 350 thousand tons. Because of there are no domestic large fishing ships within the country, the government gives away permits to foreigners as a main resource of foreign currency. Besides, seafood export is also a major channel through which people in Guinea-Bissau get foreign exchange.

III. Economy of Guinea-Bissau

“West Africa was in the news during the months of March and April as coups pushed the region to the brink of chaos” (Mutambo 2012). In the mid to late 1990s to now, the economic development in Guinea-Bissau experienced an unstable process. The reason that caused this problem is that the political situation in that period is turbulent, which directly restricted the development of domestic economy, especially during the years of coup. In a rather long period after the independence, the state leaders stepped on a wrong way of economic construction. Ignoring the weak foundation the lack of technology and talented managers, the government took extreme reform measures, which even worsened the economic conditions.

Weakness of Industry

The industrial in Guinea-Bissau, whose base is feeble, mainly depends on agricultural products and food processing. The processing industry shares 75 percent of the total industrial output. After independence from Portugal, the government paid great attention to attracting foreign capital and set up some joint factories with other countries like Portugal, such as juice factories, car assembly plants, beer factories and so on. However, these factories all finished up in failure one after another as a result of poor management. During the time of the industrial development, several civil wars were broken out, the country “was destroyed and hundreds of thousands fled into the countryside”(Massey 2012), which deeply destroyed the newly developing industries.

Guinea-Bissau has rich but unexplored mineral resources, and the mining industry is still waiting to be developed. The country knows little about its mineral resources. At present, there are only a few building materials known by the nation, including bauxite and phosphate. The construction industry in Guinea-Bissau is mainly state-operated. For instance, eighty percent of the national construction work is accomplished by public project and the supporting organization of construction and economic department.

The overall situation of industry is still not optimistic in Guinea-Bissau. Because of economic difficulties at present, the government does not own enough fund to build more industrial factories and infrastructure.

Domination of Agriculture

The landscape in Guinea-Bissau is flat and smooth with many rivers flowing in the mainland, which offers naturally suitable conditions for agricultural irrigation. With its appropriate climate and abundant rainfall during the rainy season, Guinea-Bissau owns a natural environment for the development of agriculture. Therefore, it develops into a typical agricultural country.

Agriculture, the main part of national economy, takes up about half of the whole economy. More than 80 percent of the population and three quarters of the labor force work on agriculture and grassland farming. The main grain crops are rice, beans, corns and so on, among which rice occupies the largest planting area. Thus rice serves the people of Guinea-Bissau as their staple food. In the years of good harvests, the export of rice can even earn foreign currency for the country. Agriculture, therefore, grows into the dominant position of this country.

However, in spite of the good geographical and climate conditions, the development of agriculture is still seriously restricted due to a serious of factors. “Most of the cultivation is by hand” (White 13). The mode of production, which still depends on human force, is outdated. At the same time, the lack of modern ways of production limits the speed and degree of further agricultural development. Besides, the country is utterly lacking in funds thus does not have enough financial resource to deal with various natural disasters like drought and insect outbreaks. Meanwhile, there is an increasing number of people giving up agriculture and setting out in business. All the above-mentioned factors greatly influenced and restricted the development of agriculture in Guinea-Bissau.

In the plans made by government, to become self-sufficient on food is set as a goal. After all, there are still bright prospects in Guinea-Bissau. To begin with, there is vast land with relatively few people in the rural area. The landscape is flat and smooth with fertile soil suitable for agricultural cultivation. Besides, the latitude location provides sufficient sunlight, which makes it possible that grains, vegetables and other kinds of crops can grow through both dry and rainy seasons. What is more, since rice is the staple food not only in Guinea-Bissau but also in its neighboring countries, it is not unlikely that in the future, when rice can be self-sufficient within Guinea-Bissau, it can be exported to surrounding nations.

Fishery industry is another essential part of agriculture in Guinea-Bissau. With the coastal-line reaching 220 kilometers and about 60 islands, Guinea-Bissau is gifted natural conditions for fishery industrial development. The government carries out strict managing policy to protect juvenile fish, thus ensuring the sustainable development of fishery. From the 1970s, fishery industry began to develop rapidly. Nevertheless, the shortage of modern fishing tools, to a great extend, restricts the progress and slows down the speed of development.

External Economic Relation

There is a serious imbalance in the foreign trade between Guinea-Bissau and other countries. Trade deficit exists almost each year. Meanwhile, the demand for manufactured goods, mechanical equipment, fuel and food is on an increasing trend with the time passing. The sluggish economy makes Guinea-Bissau deeply depend on foreign aids. Guinea-Bissau is a high incidence area of bird flu and other infectious diseases. In the year of 2006, the United Nations and other nations donated 3.1 million euros. This sum of money greatly relieved the dilemma in Guinea-Bissau, and improved the living conditions of local people.

Prospects and Direction of development

Guinea-Bissau is a member state of World Trade Organization and Economic Community of West African States. Thus there is no overmuch restriction of trade, especially of export. Although there is a variety of difficulties and challenges ahead in the way of economic development in Guinea-Bissau, there are still many opportunities and bright prospects.

Challenges and Opportunities

To look into the future trade, there are many challenges that need to be conquered. The most obvious one is that the purchasing power of people is low with limited per capita income. Guinea-Bissau is a heavily indebted nation, 80 percent of the population is living in the rural area, with daily expense less than 0.5 dollars. In addition, the financial system in Guinea-Bissau is not sound. At present, the only bank in Guinea-Bissau is Bank of West Africa, which was just established not long ago. With restricted capital, the bank charges high fees for financial transaction. The safety of finance is difficult to guarantee. Moreover, the construction of export goods, which is in small number, is single. It is the same within the country. For the goods like computers, vehicles and electric generators, which are high in command but hard to be scaled due to limited purchasing capacity. Furthermore, powerful companies and businessmen in Guinea-Bissau are only a few. Debt disputes exist between the companies. Merchants, who are not to be dependent on to drive the domestic demand, are low in paying capacity.

Nevertheless, opportunities also exist in the forward way of development. Although there are a variety of difficulties and even great risk to open the commodity market of Guinea-Bissau, both the inside and outside environment is developing to better directions. Compared with the situation in the war years, the political situation is becoming stable in resent years, providing some prerequisites for the economic activities in Guinea-Bissau. With the improvements of domestic and foreign situations, the international community is going to continue to provide aids for Guinea-Bissau. Some infrastructures may be soon to be constructed, which will help to increase the demand for various building materials to some extent.

Tourism—A New Industry

In spite of the restrictions of economic conditions, the government in Guinea-Bissau is trying hard to take measures to develop is tourism with fully taking advantage of its superior natural environment.

Bissau, the capital city, is located beside the Atlantic Ocean with beautiful sceneries. Flowers are blooming and trees are green through out the year. The city is located in the center of the coastal-line with convenient transportation. Bissau is the biggest city and port, and the national political, economic and cultural center.

Conclusion

There are manifold difficulties impeding the development of economy in Guinea-Bissau. To begin with, political stability is essential in the way of development. The influence of wars and political disorders, which cannot offer a suitable environment for economic development, was the biggest obstruction before and after its independence, greatly restricting the improvement of economy and the living standard of its citizens. Then, the weak foundation of this agricultural country makes it extremely hashing to develop its trade with other countries in the world. With low purchasing capacity of people, single export goods structure and lack of advanced technology, there is still a long way to go to promote the economy of Guinea-Bissau. Finally, the policy of management is not complete, and the government is still in great debt and deeply depends on international aids, which is not a reliable way in the long term.

However, although there are many elements blocking the way of progress, there are still favorable conditions and bright prospects. With the political enjoinment getting more stable than war years, Guinea-Bissau is stepping into an enabling environment with less harm and death. The government is also trying to find new measures for economic development and paying more attention to economic construction. Moreover, the international is offering more assistance to Guinea-Bissau, which will as well increase the international connection with other countries. Still, there are many new industries rising. The development of tourism is a new opportunity to open the market, drive economic growth, and welcome new things from all over the world into Guinea-Bissau. With such promising opportunities and prospects, there is a lot of work that the government and people can do to develop the economy in Guinea-Bissau.

Bibliography

Bohannan, Paul. Africa and Africans. New York: The National History Press, 1971.

Massey, Simon. “Multi-Faceted Mediation In the Guinea-Bissau Civil War”. Scientia Militaria : South African Journal of Military Studies, 2012(1): 78.

Mutambo, Aggrey. “Taking Charge”. CHINAFRICA, 2012(4): 54-55.

Snoek, Hurry. Guinea-Bissau: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 2004.

White, Richard. Africa. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd, 1978.

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Ellen DeGeneres’ analysis of Rethinking reality

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 — Ellen DeGeneres’ analysis of Rethinking reality，文章讲述电视节目一直被视为普通百姓生活的重要组成部分，也是社会文化的必要组成部分。然而，各种电视节目是否反映现实，引起了公众的热议。如果这样做的话，它们在多大程度上反映了人们的生活，文明的发展仍然模糊不清。在这里，将对一个电视节目进行分析，以表明以下事实：电视节目确实反映了一定程度的现实，并且它们揭示现实的程度取决于更为复杂的术语。

Ellen DeGeneres’ analysis of Rethinking reality

I. Introduction

Television shows are always considered as a major part of the lives of ordinary people, as well as an necessary component of a society’s culture. However, whether various television shows reflect reality or not stimulates a hot debate among public. And if they do, to what extent they have reflected people’s lives and the development of the civilization is still in a blur. Here, one television show will be analyzed to indicate the fact that televisions shows do reflect a certain degree of reality and the extent to what they reveal reality depends on much more sophisticated terms. Television shows, just like the television itself, created to inform people and developed into entertaining the viewers. On the one hand, they take the responsibility of summarizing the reality and delivering it to people in different places leading different lives; on the other hand, they are in charge of creating dramatic scenes in order to attract people’s attention and provide them with a free space for imagination.

More specifically, television shows usually reflect reality in several aspects such as economy, relationship, social concerns, fashion staff and etc. All the reality in real life has paved way for a great variety of television shows, and in return, all the shows on the screen influence how the society thinks and acts in a subtle way. In this essay, Ellen Show will be analyzed to show how they reflect reality and influence the society.

II. Introduction of Ellen Show

Ellen Show is a mix of celebrity interviews, musical performers, audience participation games, and segments spotlighting real people with extraordinary stories and talents, hosted by comedienne Ellen DeGeneres. This show receives great welcome all over the world. The atmosphere of the show is relaxing and active. Ellen has a good sense of humor and unbelievable affinity to her audience. DeGeneres launched this daytime television talk show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show in September 2003. Amid a crop of several celebrity-hosted talk shows surfacing at the beginning of that season, such as those of Sharon Osbourne and Rita Rudner, her show has consistently risen in the Nielsen ratings and received widespread critical praise. The show has won 25 Emmy Awards in its first three seasons on the air. DeGeneres is known for her dancing and singing with the audience at the beginning of the show and during commercial breaks. She often gives away free prizes and trips to be in her show’s studio audience with the help of her sponsors.

III. Ellen Show&Reality

In an episode presented on 6 November 2014, Ellen started the show by introducing a popular app-Dorothy. In her words, this app “can help you to get out of a bad date”(Ellen Show). If a person is not satisfied with his or her date, he or she can click the heel in which a small device hide three times, and the app will send a text to your friend to help you get away. This small start-up won active response from the audience, most of whom were young ladies. Cecily Geller, one of the female audience on that day’s show, said that she has escapes from a bad blind date by tell the guy she had morning sickness. This is a reflection of ambivalence of young people right now. On the one hand, they are eager to find someone to date; on the other hand, they are afraid of dating someone they can’t get along with. Blind dates are more like a forbidden fruit. People want to try it because they expect something new and great but they really don’t know the consequences. Therefore, some brave people take the risks and prepare a backup plan in case things go wrong. Others just give up. This is a typical thought of people. Then come the various apps to help people do that in a more technological way. And this is just a small part of reality reflected by the show.

In one episode, Ellen interviewed Madonna about the bullying problem. Madonna confessed that she was bullied in childhood in Michigan. When she recalled the horrible past, she said, “ I still feel different. I can totally relate to the idea of feeling isolated and alienated. I was incredibly lonely as a child. And I have to say, I never felt I fitted in school……” (Ellen Show)Without doubt, Madonna is a complete queen in most people’s eyes so it may be not easy to picturing her as a victim of bullying. However, it exactly shows us how serious the bullying problem is. Bullying is becoming more and more serious and rampant, therefore, plenty of celebrities stand up to support the bullied party and to arouse the society’s attention to this problem. Recently, an overwhelming number of teenage suicides have been reported. It just rings the alarm bell for the parents, the schools and the society. 17-year-old Katlin Loux of Bossier Parish in Louisiana fatally hangs herself because the cruel and chronic bullying at school became just too much to bear. 12-year-old Rebecca Ann Sedwick of Lakeland, Florida, throws herself off a tower, dying on impact, after being bombarded day after day by online bullies with taunts like “You should die” and “Why don’t you go kill yourself.”(MarloThomas) Bullying is pretty common but schools and parents are not adept at dealing with it; besides, plenty of kids being bullied refuse to tell others about what they have experienced. Some are afraid of the bullies to torture them again; some are feel ashamed about themselves. Most of the bullied choose silence. This is why this bullying problem is getting serious but parents and schools are not aware of it. Therefore, on this side, it is meaningful to have celebrities tell their dark bullied past on the screen. When children see it, they will regard it as a serious problem and realize it is not their fault. Those celebrities encourage the bullied to tell the truth. No matter how horrible the bullying is, it will be over. Parents and schools, on their parts, should communicate with the kids more often and pay more attention to their abnormal behavior. More than 32 states in the U.S., including California, have varied legislation on bullying, from definitions to mandating bullying policies for schools, but usually with no money to back it up. The states should allocate more money and other necessary sources to implement all the legislation and regulation. Back to the Ellen Show, as a popular talk show viewed by millions of people, having a superstar talking about bullying experience is a great move. First off, it draws more attention from the public. Second, it gives the bullied courage to tell the truth and seek for help. Ultimately, through the wide and deep influence of the star, money can be funded to help children who are in the horror of bullying.

As is known, the host of the show, Ellen DeGeneres is a lesbian. Instead of hiding the secret from the audience, Ellen is incredibly honest and brave to tell the world her sexual orientation. And in return, Ellen also win plenty of fans for her honesty and bravery. That is a great reflection of people’s attitude toward gay or lesbian people. Considering the popularity of the show and the host, a high level of acceptance of gays or lesbians is obvious. This is a huge step for the human history and a big change of the society. In the past, gays and lesbians were loathed by the whole society. If a person had problem with his or her sexual orientation, he or she must keep it as a dirty secret for the whole lifetime or ended up in vicious torturing. However, this show just opened a door for the homosexual people and justify their rights as a human just like the rest of us. in the interview with Madonna, the superstar showed her thanks to her gay fans by saying “ The gay community has been incredibly supportive of me. I would not have a career if it weren’t for the gay community.”(Ellen Show) Just like Madonna, more and more celebrities are standing up for the gay community and trying to lead the public to treat them with respect. With more people accepting the gay love with respect, many movie stars, actors and singers are coming out of the closet. Instead of being loathed and alienated like their counterparts did in the past, they now are treated with respect and live with dignity. Even though there are still some extreme anti-gay groups, the main stream is being absolutely supportive. People both on the screen and off the screen are keeping an open heart to this.

IV. Conclusion

Television shows nowadays do more than informing the audience about the latest news events or knowledge in a certain field, they win their loyal viewers by sharing information, entertaining them in the way they like and inspiring them to be better. Just like Ellen Show, after all the discussion above, it is obvious that it do reflect reality and it influence how the audience thinks and acts. The viewers start to conceive things in a different perspective and change their attitudes toward certain things. This is exactly the magic of television shows- get the inspiration from the audience and in return, change the audience’s lives.

V. References

Ellen Show, episode on 9 November 2010 (Madonna). Web. 11 Nov. 2014.

Ellen Show, episode on 6 November 2014 (Anne Hathaway). Web. 11 Nov. 2014.

Thomas, Marlo. “A Silent Scream for Help: Bullying in America.” The Huffington Post. 10 October.2013. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.

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Difficulties that international students encounter in their studies

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 — Difficulties that international students encounter in their studies，文章讲述改革开放后，越来越多的中国学生选择出国留学。这样无疑地帮助了许多中国学生掌握了中国无法学到的先进技术和知识，促进了中外文化交流与合作，为中国的快速发展做出了贡献。但是，这些留学生面临的困难和挫折决不能忽视。

Difficulties that international students encounter in their studies

After reform and opening up, there are an increasing number of Chinese students choosing to study abroad. Doing like this has unquestionably helped numerous Chinese students master the advanced technologies and knowledge which are impossible to be learned in China, promoted the Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges and collaboration as well as contributed to the rapid development of China. However, the difficulties and setbacks that those overseas students are confronting should never be neglected. In the process of studying abroad, Chinese students are facing a variety of problems which tie on the overarching topics of language, culture, living styles and etc (Hyeyoung&Montgomery, 2013, P343). I aim to explore this sophisticated issue from diverse perspectives regarding all the problems mentioned above, because I am an overseas student who is facing these problems which have been putting me in a hot water.

Among all the difficulties that overseas students are encountering, language barrier stands out remarkably. China, as one of the developing countries which focus mainly on booming economy, emphasizes too much on exams rather than imparting knowledge. As it has been known to us, English which spreads the most widely all over the world is no doubt be the language that every student should master as long as he or she has the desire to have a further education abroad. However, instead of speaking, Chinese students have the tendency to be adept at writing. Under this educational system, the emergence of “Mute English” is inevitable. According to Bang, Hyeyoung, and Diane Montgomery (2013), language barrier is playing a crucial problem in the U.S (P348). In order to harmonize with the American residents perfectly and integrate into the modern American society, transcending the insurmountable seems to be of prime importance.

When it comes to study abroad, the culturaldifferences are an equally huge dilemma that overseas students are facing. Having been living in a place for a couple of years, human beings are very likely to get accustomed of the cultures that their countries have. Meaning to say, when they go abroad and study, they will not be able to adapt to the local cultures and to communicate with dwellers in a certain country effectively. Confronting those culture shocks, students will have to be plunged into a deep hole of despairin all probability. GillScherto (2007) points out that culture shock may lead to delusion, pressure and anxiety, more often than not, students may feel uncomfortable, because the culture and the ambience that they are encountering are entirely different from the ones that they are habituated (P171). It has never been easy to forget their own cultures and start to involve into a brandy-new culture in a short period of time. Culture shocks will always exit as long as there are students who want to go abroad and study.

Living styles vary from country to country. Studying abroad means that students have to change the living styles that they are used to. According to Gebhard, Jerry G, an outstanding mentor in an American school, illustrates that adapting to living in new physical surroundings may become a thorny issue which is very likely to make them feel anxious, confused, depressed and homesick (P20). If students fail to manage to deal with these difficulties, they will have to be degenerated.

In order to address all these concerns, overseas students should make a good preparation before going abroad to study. After entering the school, students should look for and make more friends as soon as possible. Making friends whoever they are could always be helpful for getting rid of the feeling of lonesome. In addition, those overseas students have the obligation to improve their English before going abroad. For example, they may go to the training school to learn more things, including the foreign cultures. Moreover, those students had better choose authentic foreign teacher to teach them, because foreigners know the most things about western countries than Chinese English teachers. Last but not least, students can simulate the living styles in their destination countries at home by asking their foreign teachers what those living styles are.

Annotated bibliography

“Understanding International Graduate Students’ Acculturation Using Q Methodology.”

It discusses something about the adjustments that students from other parts of world come to the United States of America to have a further education. Those adjustments include the aspects of society, culture as well as the academics which are posting a serious threat to overseas students. In addition, it also reveals that international graduates are stressed, due to the wonderful academic and professional performances that those students want to give. I can use it to confirm my arguments like language barrier is the crucial factor in my essay. It will certainly make my argument become more convincing and persuasive.

“Overseas students’ intercultural adaptation as intercultural learning: a

transformative framework.”

It focuses on the learning experience of Chinese postgraduate students. Moreover, itinquires into the students’ adaptation to several dimensions like socio-culture. There are a wide range of reasons that the author used to elaborate his arguments. In terms of culture, there are multifarious reasons showing the factors which lead to the cultural shock in this essay. They are very helpful for me, because I can use them to strengthen my arguments and make it more convincing. It is very difficult to talk about the cultural differences, but the author described it in an excellent way which is easy for readers to understand its harm.

“International Student Voices: Adapting to American Culture Inside and Outside the Classroom”

It was written by an excellent instructor as well as his students in a school. It shows a variety of authentic events that truly happened in the world. His students are also from every part of the world. In other words, it shows a variety of different events that different students may encounter when they choose to study abroad. Actually, this essay is fabulous, because it did not focus on personal and individual ideas. On the contrary, it focuses more on the diverse students. I could use it to express my ideas, because this essay shows a majority challenge that most of international students are facing, which will absolutely make my essay more readable and persuasive.

Work cited

Bang, Hyeyoung, and Diane Montgomery. “Understanding International Graduate Students’ Acculturation Using Q Methodology.” Journal of College Student Development 54.4 (2013): 343-360.Press

Gill, Scherto. “Overseas students’ intercultural adaptation as intercultural learning: a

transformative framework.” Compare 37.2 (2007): 167-183.

Gebhard, Jerry G. “International Student Voices: Adapting to American Culture Inside and Outside the Classroom”. PDF, P20

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Confucianism and Taoism in Chinese politics

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 — Confucianism and Taoism in Chinese politics，文章讲述为了说明儒教和道教如何对中国政治产生巨大影响，必须清楚地了解其具体思想。由于这两种哲学包含丰富的理论，因此仅讨论核心学说。首先，儒家更像是一种道德和哲学体系，而不是一种宗教，因为没有儒家神灵，也没有关于来世的教义。

Confucianism and Taoism in Chinese politics

For the past two thousand years, Confucianism and Taoism have had great influence on Chinese politics. For the record, these two ancient philosophies are important in other aspects of Chinese society, too. As a precise remark going, “ If we were to characterize in one word the Chinese way of life for the last two thousand years , the word could be ‘Confucian’(Xinzhong Yao, 2000, pp.1)’’. Taoism is also highly praised which is said to have had a significant impact on the development of Chinese civilization and its ideas pervade virtually all aspects of the culture (Jennifer Oldstone-Moore, 2003, pp. 6).

To illustrate how Confucianism and Taoism exercise great effects on Chinese politics, concrete ideas about these must be clearly understood. For the reason that the two philosophies’ contain abundant theories, only the core doctrines will be discussed. First of all, Confucianism is more of a moral and philosophical system rather than a religion because there are no Confucian deities and no teachings about the afterlife. But in fact it functioned as a form of religious in the society. Next, benevolence meaning to love others is a crucial theory in Confucius ethics and the idea, to a certain extent, advocates that governors should love their people. Confucius had many sayings about this topic like “ not to do others as you would not wish done to yourself”. “Wishing to be established himself, seeks also to establish others, wishing to be enlarged himself, he seeks also to enlarge others.” When benevolence mainly belongs to ethical system, propriety, or translated as rites and rules of proper behavior, is a concept of the political theory. The most important function of rites was safeguarding feudal domination. Confucius believed that government should be guided by principles of rites and governors should rely more on rites’ enlightening people rather than penal punishment. This idea connects human, human objects and nature. It has a complete and detailed set of rules telling people what the proper behaviors are in every aspect of daily life. Benevolence and propriety are the two key teachings of Confucianism and more importantly, they were exercised most in Chinese politics compared to other theories.

As for Taoism, the first thing comes up to mind is what “Tao” is. Actually it is an abstract idea and “the Tao is the source of life of all things, nameless, invisible, and ungraspable by normal modes of perception” ( Eva Wong, 1997, pp. 23). This ancient tradition of philosophy and religious belief is deeply rooted in Chinese worldview. The term wu-wei is a leading concept in Taoism. Taoism holds the belief that the whole universe works harmoniously thus humans can not interfere with it intentionally. So wu-wei means action without intent. Eva Wong pointed out that this word gave the impression that the Taoist sages did nothing but it was inaccurate (1997, pp. 24).

According to the beliefs, it can be easily seen that Confucianism and Taoism have differences but meanwhile share some points in common. Take the idea of governance as an example. Confucius ever said that, “to govern by virtue, let us compare it to the North Star: it stays in its place, while the myriad stars wait upon it”. He believed that governors’ personal virtues ought to spread benevolence influence throughout their kingdoms, which was tightly connected with the idea of wu-wei. The kings allowed everything functioned smoothly and avoided having to interfere with individual parts of the whole.

For the Chinese long history, Confucianism has been in a dominant position in the field of politics since Han Dynasty. The set of principles of rites had deep roots in the society’s political life. One of the earliest dynasties Zhou set up the propriety rules which were greatly different among nobles and ordinary people. It applied to almost every aspect of life including tea drinking, mourning, learning and so on, strict and impassable. Subsequently, every time a new dynasty built up, the emperor would build up a new rigid hierarchy. As a result, the whole Chinese feudal was rigidly stratified, which made contribution to the continuation of the feudal autocracy. In Song and Ming Dynasty, Confucianism had a variant called Neo Confucianism, leading Confucianism to go to the extreme which meant the principles were stricter and more rigid. Then it was used by the ruling class and completely served for it. This was also the reason why it was hard to produce westernized democracy in China. However, it is too shallow to consider Confucianism only protecting the ruling class’ benefits. The other key concept, benevolence, to some extent limited governors’ power and helped common people gain benefits from their emperors. Because Confucianism required that rulers need to cherish and love their people. Therefore it was the government’s responsibility to relieve people in disaster by giving them food during bad years.

Apart from ancient societies, Confucianism also exists in modern Chinese politics. In modern East Asia, many of the idioms and vocabularies for making sense of politics and rendering value judgments are derived from the Confucian tradition ( Bell & Chaibong, 2003, pp. 7). One of the Chinese foreign policies, to seek common ground while reserving differences, embodies connotations of Confucianism which emphasize on harmonious relation between different cultures. Besides, the peaceful co-existence principle has a close relationship with Confucianism because wars go against benevolence.

In ancient China, there was a famous and highly praised period guided by Taoism’s wu-wei. It was the beginning of Han Dynasty, after a long period of war time. In consideration of the exhausted condition of the whole empire, the rulers decided to carry out wu-wei theory. The primary action was to relieve the strained relations and the heavy tax was sharply reduced, which effectively removed people’s economic burden. Then it came to the laws, the emperor abolished many kinds of physical torture that were adopted by the former dynasty. When dealing with many other events, the emperor also took up a way that appeased the people. This was a kind of positive wu-wei, “to do the work and let it go:for just letting it go is what makes it stay”, said by Lao Tse, the Taoism sage. It also reflected the idea that” when you do not doing, nothing is out of order”. In addition to what have mentioned, at that time, Taoism was popular and embraced by ruling class, getting a dominant position. Such policy certainly got positive effects since the economy revived and the whole society became powerful again. In modern time, when look back at history, people regard it as a successful political practice.

Nowadays, Taoism is still affecting Chinese political field. If we return to the metaphor of Taoism as a river formed by the confluence of different streams, we can now see factual evidence that the river did not cease flowing (Russel Kirkland, 2004, pp.1002). The Chinese government’s attitude towards agriculture is like the Tao of wu-wei. More and more supporting policies on the development of agriculture are published, like reducing tax and giving subsidy, which let this industry grow freely and are beneficial to farmers.

From what mentioned above, the conclusion is that throughout the whole process of China’s political development, Confucianism and Taoism have deeply seeped into each level. Or it can be put in this way, the two have been driving force for political advance.

References

Bell,D and Chaibong H. (2003). Confucianism for the Modern World. Cambridge:

Cambridge University.

Kirkland, R. (2004). Taoism:The Enduring tradition. New York: Routledge.

Legge, J. The Analects. Retrieved on 5^th, November, 2014 from:

http://ctext.org.

Oldstone-Moore, J. (2003). Taoism: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred

Places. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wong, E. (1997). Taoism: An Essential Guide. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc.

Yao, X. (2000). An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

51due留学教

Confucianism and Taoism in Chinese politics

References

Bell,D and Chaibong H. (2003). Confucianism for the Modern World. Cambridge:

Cambridge University.

Kirkland, R. (2004). Taoism:The Enduring tradition. New York: Routledge.

Legge, J. The Analects. Retrieved on 5^th, November, 2014 from:

http://ctext.org.

Oldstone-Moore, J. (2003). Taoism: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred

Places. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wong, E. (1997). Taoism: An Essential Guide. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc.

Yao, X. (2000). An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Confucianism and Taoism in Chinese politics

References

Bell,D and Chaibong H. (2003). Confucianism for the Modern World. Cambridge:

Cambridge University.

Kirkland, R. (2004). Taoism:The Enduring tradition. New York: Routledge.

Legge, J. The Analects. Retrieved on 5^th, November, 2014 from:

http://ctext.org.

Oldstone-Moore, J. (2003). Taoism: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred

Places. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wong, E. (1997). Taoism: An Essential Guide. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc.

Yao, X. (2000). An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

Confucianism and Taoism in Chinese politics

References

Bell,D and Chaibong H. (2003). Confucianism for the Modern World. Cambridge:

Cambridge University.

Kirkland, R. (2004). Taoism:The Enduring tradition. New York: Routledge.

Legge, J. The Analects. Retrieved on 5^th, November, 2014 from:

http://ctext.org.

Oldstone-Moore, J. (2003). Taoism: Origins, Beliefs, Practices, Holy Texts, Sacred

Places. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wong, E. (1997). Taoism: An Essential Guide. Boston: Shambhala Publications, Inc.

Yao, X. (2000). An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

51due为留学生提供最好的作业代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多代写范文提供作业代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

Yao, X. (2000). An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

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Celestial’s global client team – Discusses issues

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 — Celestial’s global client team – Discusses issues，文章讲述文化差异从一开始就阻碍团队合作。尽管法国人习惯了传统的等级制商业模式，但美国人却提倡创新和变革。法国人不愿在商务活动中使用英语，这给美国团队成员获取平等资源造成了障碍。莫里斯不太可能执行他的计划以创建并行的业务结构并鼓励下属之间共享信息。

Celestial’s global client team – Discusses issues

What role do cultural differences play in this case? Specify which values are responsible for some of the virtual team problems and for the tension between Celestial and Voila.
Cultural differences hindered the team collaboration at the very beginning. While French people were used to their traditional hierarchical business model, Americans advocated innovations and changes. French people were unwilling to use English when doing business which created barriers for American team members to gain equal resources. It was unlikely for Morris to implement his plan to create a parallel business structure and encourage information sharing among his subordinates.
Since David Hyde joined the virtual team, the communication network became American-based. Morris communicated directly with Hyde who was at Paris. Voila middle managers felt being kept in the dark and turned insecure to the PFM. And this caused the tension between Voila and Celestial and the direct conflict about choosing which program out of PFM and Nourriture Excellente later on.
The traditional French business model follows a strict hierarchical structure and ensures the authority of the leader. The French team members in Celestial team were used to get clear orders and assignments from their leader. However, Morris and Drummond’s leadership imperative was questioned due to their long-standing absence.

What typical problems of virtual teams can be seen in this case?
Conflict as well as cultural and geographical differences can interfere with team performance. As mentioned above, team members came from different parts of the world. Their way of thinking, working habits as well as language preferences can be quite different.
Team members are likely to be uncertain about the project, including what it is about or how it fits with their roles and expectations. Since the director and the team leader Morris and Drummond were in the U.S. all the time. The team members in Paris were uncertain of their duties. And it was hard to report their daily working process to their boss. When things went wrong, Morris was not in Paris often enough to help. Later on when the merger happened, the “double heads” situation made it even more difficult for team members to conduct their own work.
It’s hard for virtual team members to get to know each other and create trust within the team. The online meeting of the Celestial virtual team was limited by interaction dynamics, which were formal and tightly controlled. Agendas often were rushed, with no time for free discussion. Team members felt they have no space in meetings that they could express themselves and explore people’s ideas. Thus, team members were not bonding with each other or felt a sense of belonging. This would dampen their teamwork spirit and enthusiasm and may probably reduce their work efficiency.

How effective was Morris in lading Celestial’s global customer team? Describe his leadership style.
Morris was experienced in doing international assignments. He successfully leads the Celestial customer team for North American firm, Americart. In 1990s, Americart faced bankruptcy. Thanks to Morris’s team and his Product Family Management (PFM), the business results for both Celestial and Americart were greatly improved.
Morris recommended PFM as a way to improve the relationship between Viola and Celestial Corporation. Later on, he formed a new international team based on the original one and started to implement changes and tried to change the way Viola and Celestial related with each other. He encountered quite a few resistances and eventually came up with a compromising and combining solution.
Morris’s leadership style is laissez-faire and democratic. He advocates a task-oriented spirit among his subordinates. As long as they can get the job done, he does not really care about their approaches. Meanwhile, he does not assign specific tasks or provides exact guidance.

Analyze the role of power and influence in furthering or hindering the acceptance of PFM. Which individuals were powerful and why?
Couture possessed a lot of power in hindering the acceptance of PFM. Since he maintained close personal contacts with Voila. He owned the right of speech among Voila managers. He turned to be more convincing and trustworthy than the Americans who wanted a radical change. Besides, both Couture and Voila believed the business ran just well and the change was unnecessary. Besides, Couture even introduced his successor to the “power dinner” to maintain the exclusive hierarchical rights to this power.
Drummond spent little time in Paris and barely actually knew her team members. In this case, her legitimacy was questionable. The team members were not likely to trust and respect someone who didn’t want to establish any personal contacts with them, or someone who was never there when problems occurred. Thus, Drummond didn’t really have power in furthering the acceptance of PFM. But anyway, the true problem was Voila was never truly ready for PFM.

What factors contributed to the initial lack of collaboration on the team? What factors and interventions eventually resulted in successful team collaboration?
The conflicting business models contributed to the initial lack of collaboration on the team. While the previous team which was comprised primarily of French nationals did the business following the French model, Morris expected the new team to follow the American business model. The French team generally respects the organizational hierarchy and the team members are used to rely on their leader’s personal contacts within Voila to carry out business tasks. When Morris tried to implement radical changes in the business model of the team, French team members are simply not hospitable to the new “American style”.
The conflicting cultures contributed to the initial lack of collaboration as well. France and the United States have the long-standing tensions among cultural problems. When Americans are consistently advocating their innovations in multiple areas, French people are indifferent or even resistant towards “American Fashion”. They believe Americans are trying to implement cultural dominance. Besides, French people are rather proud of their language and they are way above speaking English. This undoubtedly created much more barriers for the collaboration within French and American members in the team.
The scattered distribution of the team members contributed to the initial lack of collaboration on the team. Since all the members can hardly get together for face-to-face meetings, and most of the virtue meetings are highly structured, with no extra time for free discussion, team members are not able to bond and create a sense of belonging.
Morris encourages information sharing among team members which urge everybody to learn about PFM and how it successfully worked before. More face-to-face meetings are held to let people get to know each other and form a team spirit.

What should Morris, Drummond, Couture, and Hanover have done to avoid the PFM-Nourriture Excellente conflict that developed on the global customer team and between Celestial and Voila?
Morris should study the French case respectively, because the customer context and market are extremely different in different countries. The traditional business model and working habits for workers of different nationalities are varied as well. So he shouldn’t simply imitate the successful pattern and force Voila to accept his radical plan and ignore the practical situation.
Drummond should spend more time in Paris, to actually get to know her subordinates and their needs. Meanwhile to create a plan that is suitable for the French case. It’s extremely important for her to maintain the leadership authority in a culturally diverse virtual team.
Couture shouldn’t plan things like “power dinner” to maintain his power. This would undoubtedly damage the internal relationship within the Celestial team and intensify the conflict between radical Americans and conservative French. Above all, this went against the initial plan of Morris-to create a more multifunctional team and encourage information sharing.
I think Hanover did well in resolving the conflict by making contact with each party privately.

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Analysis report on the Business Environment of Amcor Malaysia

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 — Analysis report on the Business Environment of Amcor Malaysia，文章讲述当今世界，竞争日益激烈，客户的需求也越来越多样化，商业环境分析报告的重要性已逐渐得到全球的普遍认可，并且在未来几天或几年内，它将越来越受到关注。为什么业务环境分析报告如此重要，并且将其摆在只会不断增加而永远不会减少的位置上，是因为它可以帮助理解和掌握该领域的操作条件和其他相关信息，从而可以为几个区域性商业项目的定位，使其与市场实际情况相吻合，同时为这些项目奠定了坚实的基础，因为它们已经完全掌握了市场。

Analysis report on the Business Environment of Amcor Malaysia

Executive Summary

Increasingly competitive is the whole world and much diversified are customers’ demands nowadays, the importance of a business environment analysis report tends to have been received global general acknowledgements and more attention will be paid to it in the approaching days or years to come. Why a business environment analysis report is so significant and will be put to a position that will only be on the increase but will never decrease is that it can help understand and master the operating conditions and other relevant information in this area, which in turn can provide references for the positioning of several regional commercial projects to be consistent with the actual market condition and in the meanwhile make solid preliminary foundation work for those projects in that it have completely grasped the market. In this essay, I’d like to present a business environment analysis report of my chosen company Amcor with one of the countries, Malaysia, with which it currently has operations.

Detailed speaking, an analysis of significant changes in the business environment that may provide new opportunities or increase risks from doing business in Malaysia will be elaborated in the following, recommendations in response to changes in the business environment being put forward at the same time. Moreover, this will be a focused but informative and analytically sharp report with only those country-level conditions and any industry-specific issues that are relevant to my firm’s, Amcor’s, products and/or services being referred to due to the CEO’s far too busy schedule. Attention will only be drew on any changes in the business environment relevant to the firm and its products/services, such as the political environment, government regulation, commercial law, intellectual property issues, level and rate of economic development, demographics, policies on international trade and investment, environmental law, regional cooperation etc. What must be mentioned at last is that this report will mainly introduce current situations but not dwell on old or historical information that is long out of date and has no value for the business environment analysis report as any information connected with business environment is updated very quickly and is endowed with obviously temporal effectiveness, even sometimes out of the expectation of human beings themselves.

With a brief summary of the report’s contents being stated above, what come next in the list is the key recommendations for the CEO, namely, to seize every possible new opportunity to develop business and to avoid any potential risk that prevents the firm from doing business in that country. Only in this way can the business done in the specific country gains the maximum profit, the so-called maximization of enterprise profits, also the terminal goal of every existing company all around the world.

I. Introduction

Amcor, the globally well-known Australian packaging giant and innovator with market-leading operations worldwide, dominates the whole European market for its innovation in creating a new world of packaging in that it comes out at the top of the honor roll not only in its supplied high-quality products but also the knight and first-rate services it insists from the very beginning till now and will also continue to the future undoubtedly. The packaging options Amcor, a multinational packaging leader whose origins are Australian but presence and future are global and diverse, can offer the broad masses of the public for their products are all-embracing and all-inclusive, covering and containing everything ranging from materials for industrial applications such as aerospace, agriculture, automotive, energy and insulation; packaging solutions for food products; packaging for household items; packaging for personal and home care products; packaging options for manufactures and suppliers of tobacco products; packaging options for beverages sold through retail outlets; packaging and supplies for hospital sterilization units; packaging for medical devices; packaging for pharmaceuticals to professional services for packaging design, materials and packaging testing and recycling services (Amcor Limited, 2014).

Furthermore, it is innovating for a sustainable future and creating innovative customer solutions as well that are bound to protect the environment, the products and deliver better social outcomes, the source inspiring co-workers’ thinking and driving their slogans (some of which are: get to know a global leader, be part of something great, open up a world of opportunities, be inspired to outperform, enhance everyday life everyday and hear from our co-workers) to actions: working with the REDcycle organization on a recycling initiative for flexible plastic packaging; reducing knife injuries at flexible packaging sites around the world through a simple innovation; helping identify practices to improve the sustainability of coffee growing; embracing a new way of working to harness the power of co-workers all over the globe and driving innovation in Asia with the Amcor Innovation Packaging Contest (Amcor Limited, 2014). Talking about its investor relations, the subheadings are rundown one by one as follows with minute information engaged: Demerger of Amcor Australasia & Packaging Distribution (Orora) business, Investor Calendar, Media release and announcements, Shareholder Information, Fixed Income Investors, Latest Stockbroker’s Forecasts and Reports & Presentations.

The brilliant achievements Amcor get since its foundation is greatly owing to its staff being passionate about possibilities and believing in responsible packaging with arts and science being applied relentlessly to enhance the products people use in daily life. They hope to see the packaging moments that matter when human beings touch and use their packing: when a consumer opens a bottle, unwraps a pack, or tears open a pouch, they know their products are fresh, clean, safe and secure. Their permanently being committed to supporting and developing their co-workers plays an inevitable part in turning their success into a reality equally.

A brief overview of Amcor’ products and services being carefully expounded above, then the engagement of Amcor in Malaysia and Amcor’s significance to Malaysia will be totally explained. As far as I’m concerned, Amcor can be regarded as a whole-rounded packaging manufacturer for all industries and all products in Malaysia as long as it can provide. In other words, Amcor is one of the sources of inputs in the whole process of the sales of the products in Malaysia to aid in the economic growth in the required country, while Malaysia on the other hand can be deemed as a final market where the packaging services can be performed or outperformed in order for the improvement and facilitation of the services of this appointed firm.

Therefore, the purpose of the report is to conduct an analysis of significant changes in the business environment that may provide new opportunities or increase risks from doing business of Amcor in Malaysia and followed by recommendations in response to changes in the business environment being in the meantime for the CEO to seize every possible new opportunity to develop business and to avoid any potential risk that prevents the firm from doing business in that country, reaching the so-called maximization of enterprise profits in the end. Here comes the main structure of this essay: Chapter 1 deals with the purpose of this report and also a brief overview of Amcor’s products and services and engagement in the chosen country Malaysia and significance to the firm Amcor. Chapter 2 mainly concerns the analysis of the business environment in Malaysia with any major or potential change in the business environment that may give rise to opportunities and/ or risk to the firm’s revenues, profits, assets, security etc. Chapter 3 offers some overall assessments on whether the business in the chosen country will improve, worsen, or remain the same in the short-term (next 12 months) and in the long-term (over the coming decade) with the key factors being depicted as well. Chapter 4 provides the CEO with recommendations on what the firm should do to capitalize on any positive changes in the business environment, how the firm should mitigate or manage new risks that may threaten the firm’s operations in that country and whether the firm’s operations should be scaled up, down or remain the same in the near future.

II. Analysis of the Business Environment in Malaysia

This part will chiefly be the detailed analysis of the business environment in Malaysia with any major or potential change in the business environment being analytically assessed that may have the potential impacts on the firm, only factors that are potentially relevant to the firm and its products/ services being taken into consideration: social and cultural environment, political and legal environment, economic environment, trade and financial environment, infrastructure and other issues, maybe just some of which will be analyzed because of the limitation of length in text and the difficulty of conducting research from my point of view.

First and foremost, the economic environment in Malaysia will be analyzed at length. In the past, Malaysia’s economy was solely based on agriculture on which most people made a living and it was individually dependent on the export of primary products, thus in this condition the demands calling for the products and services of Amcor was very low or even worse, none probably. Later with the rapid development of economic and technological globalization, it began to continuously adjust its industrial structure and vigorously promote the export-oriented economy under which the electronic industry, manufacturing industry, construction industry and service industry gained unprecedented breakthrough in the rapid development. The transformed industrial structure in Malaysia seemed to look upon manufacturing as its largest production department, hand in hand in joint development with automobile industry, mining industry, tourism, agriculture, forestry and fisheries industry and other related industries. Also, the implementation of the “new economic policy” in this phase aiming at realizing the goals of eliminating poverty and reorganizing society, with the assistance of the successive projects such as the cross-century development strategy “Wawasan 2020”, “Multimedia Super Corridor”, “Biological Valley” and the tenth five-year plan whose theme is “economic prosperity and social equality”, help smoothen its high speed of economic growth. The economic growth also comes from a series of policies like the stability of the exchange rate, the reorganization of the bank enterprise debts and the expansion of domestic demand and export, aligned with a number measures taken to stimulate the economy transition and the increase of domestic demand. We can easily draw a conclusion that such changes in the economic environment in Malaysia will definitely give rise to the firm’s revenues, profits, assets, security etc more or less and sooner or later.

With the economic environment being talked about above, what comes second to the list is the social and cultural environment. The total population of Malaysia is 30,000,000 with a high level of human development index of 0.719 (year 2012), among which 55% are Malays, 24% Chinese, 7.3% Indians and the rest 13.7% people of other races through immigration or intermarriages (BBC NEWS, 2014). The life expectancy of female is slightly higher than male and the population distribution is extremely uneven between the west and the east. Though those Chinese and Indians live in Malaysia together with other Malays, they have no access to some rights just because of the different color of skin, which caused the great decrease gradually of people from other countries to a large extent. Such decrease was further facilitated under the influence of birth control and other economic factors indiscriminatingly. However, the people on the decrease are just the dominant community in the economic and commercial aspects and form the majority of the enriched traditional culture there. The number of different kinds of people being deduced, the products and services provided by Amcor will accordingly deduce in a certain sense and directly result in the diminishment of the firm’s revenues, profits, assets, security etc in the long run.

Last but not the least, what does matter a lot is the trade and financial environment in Malaysia. It has unswervingly followed an independent, neutral and non-aligned foreign policy and it put high premiums on developing relations with big powers with more and more communications with other member countries in the Commonwealth. After it became a member of the United Nations in September 17^th, 1957, it is now devoting major efforts to carry out economic diplomacy and defend the territorial integrity and sovereignty by condemning the trade protection in western countries and objecting the western hegemonism and power politics. In addition, it also object the use of “democracy” and “human rights” to interfere in other countries’ internal affairs but claims to maintain the United Nations as the status of international core organization, to pay attention to the problems of establishing a new international political and economic order and to support the international anti-terrorism cooperation in that it holds the view that anti-terrorism should address the root that causes the terrorism so that it can promote the dialogue between religion and civilization. In such a healthy trade and financial environment here, it is our common sense the firm’s revenues, profits, assets and security etc will absolutely go up due to the acceleration of other friend countries.

III. Overall assessment on how the above three key factors will turn

This chapter will basically concentrate on an overall assessment on whether the above three key business environments, the economic environment, the social and cultural environment and the trade and financial environment will turn: improve, worsen, or remain the same in the short-term (next 12 months) and in the long-term (over the coming decade). In the short-term (next 12 months), separately, the economic environment and the trade and financial environment will both improve due to the benign development it has always been from the very beginning to the very last; while the social and cultural environment will still remain the same in the next 12 months as the time span is too short for it to get any improvement as the local people and the government regulations there didn’t realize this problem so they will make no efforts to change such condition.

Nevertheless, in the long-term (over the coming decade), all the above three key factors will all turn to change into the good direction, which is to improve better and better step by step through endlessly drawing lessons from the past and correcting it in the next practices, therefore the next practices will be refined and consequently the firm’s revenues, profits, assets and security etc will keep going ascending ever since, realizing the maximization of enterprise profits in the end.

IV. Recommendations provided to the CEO

Speaking of the specific recommendations provided to the CEO, it will undoubtedly be to seize every possible new opportunity to develop business and to avoid any potential risk that prevents the firm, Amcor, from doing business in that country, Malaysia, reaching the so-called maximization of enterprise profits in the end. To put the theory into practice, that is to take advantage of the current beneficial economic environment and trade and financial environment to do business and spread its products & services all around the whole country in Malaysia; while on the other hand, to change the present situation of doing business there as it is not favorable for the products and services of Amcor to get wide popularization there with the social and cultural environment being considered.

At the final last of this report, I just want to express my sincere hopes and heartfelt gratitude that all the co-workers in this firm, Amcor, can dedicate themselves to the modern development of the company to make it “swifter, higher and stronger”, as one of the Olympic tenets in history has said.

References

Amcor Limited, (2014), Products & Services. [Online] available from: http://www.amcor.com/market_solutions/.
Amcor Limited, (2014), Sustainability at Amcor, [Online] available from: http://www.amcor.com/sustainability/amcor_sustainability.html.
BBC NEWS, (2014), Malaysia country profile, [Online] available from: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15356257. [Accessed: 25th March 2014]
Worldwide Factories, (2014), Malaysia bbc- offers from Malaysia bbc manufacturers, suppliers, exporters, wholesalers & distributors, [Online] available from: http://www.gongchang.com/bbc-ksp-129/?shownum=20&promode=1.

51due为留学生提供最好的作业代写服务，亲们可以进入主页了解和获取更多代写范文提供作业代写服务，详情可以咨询我们的客服QQ：800020041。

The 42nd street

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 — The 42nd street，文章讲述第42街在1934年获得了奥斯卡最佳影片奖的提名，而这恰好在令人沮丧的萧条时期内。作为后台音乐剧，它在音乐剧《淑女》的幕后创造了一个复杂而壮观的世界，包括音乐支持，演员选择，无数排练和最后一次成功的首映晚会。放映到社会背景中，这部电影给我带来了深刻的内在精神价值，即将信仰带回灰色的美国，给我留下了深刻的印象。

The 42nd street

42^{^nd} Street was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture in 1934, which was exactly within the time scope of the gloomy Depression. As a backstage musical, it knitted a complex and spectacular world behind the curtain of a musical Pretty Lady, following a complete line of musical making, including financial support, cast selection, countless rehearsals and a successful Gala Premier in the end. Put into its social background, this movie impressed me for the embedded spiritual value of bringing faith back to the grey United States.

The Depression crashed Wall Street, which also crashed American’s bank account and their hope for a better life. Yet, an economic disillusionment sometimes had the power to boost a country’s cultural development. 42^{^nd} Street came into people’s view timely. This movie depicted an ambitious director, Julian Marsh, who struggled regardless of his poor health to make another peak of his theater life in the downturn of the market economy. Though he was always trapped in dilemmas, such as the complicated love affair between Dorothy and Abner Dillon, the sponsor, which nearly ruined this musical, and his self-doubt that “I am a sick man, not a great director”, Marsh devoted all his life into it. And his endeavors paid off. Through lighting up each actor’s and actress’ passion and adding life into the show, he represented a series of extraordinarily spectacular stories on the 42^nd Street to the audience, in which the prosperous and busy scenes inspired people’s faith in a recovery not only of economy but also of their mental world. Marsh was actually an epitome of every American at that time, who, bearing a heavy economic load, looked for a way out in an active and painstaking manner. He succeeded. They believed so would America.

Meanwhile, the romance between Dorothy and Pat Denning touched the softest part of each American’s heart in face of a seemingly cold and ruthless economic crisis. Their love story might sound a cliché nowadays, but during that time, a courage to reject power and wealth and return to pure love was precious. It could easily resonate its audience due to the rationality and tolerance in it. Both of them had contributed to their love: Dorothy helped Pat financially when he was out of work, whereas Pat stopped acquiring his own career. Their relationship was once shaken that both deemed only through a broke-up could they achieve a bright future separately. However, in the end, realizing what she actually valued after losing her starring position, Dorothy was determined to sacrifice her own career, willing to slow down and make a joint effort together with Pat to their future. The lovers finally excelled a secular impulse to be slaves of money, which reflected an American society calling for concentration on mental needs rather than a twisted impulse toward money and fame.

In conclusion, 42^{^nd} Street reconciled the conflicts between the cruel reality and American’s expectation for hope. By telling a simple lesson that everyone’s efforts did count and love did exist, it comforted a restless and anxious heart of America under the heavy smog of a withered economy. Lying behind its smooth narration and clear framework was a sincere blessing to each American, containing a strong determination to reinvigorate a slumping economy without losing those glamorous human virtues like love, perseverance and faith.

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Utilitarian trolley problem

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 — Utilitarian trolley problem，文章讲述基于“实用主义法”的基础，驾驶员可以通过以下方式进行计算。转移手推车杀死一个人比让五个人死亡更好。毕竟，重要的是社会效用的平衡。因此，在这种情况下，这很容易-五减一等于四！余额是四个人。他转移手推车而节省下来的四个人将继续为社会做出贡献。

Utilitarian trolley problem

The dilemma which the driver of the trolley faces is presented by the fact that if he did not made any effort to stop the train, he the trolley would run towards the five people on the train, if he lever the swift, the trolley would run towards another rail and another person would be killed.

Basing on the Act Utilitarian ground, the driver might compute in the following way. Killing one person by diverting the trolley is better than letting five people die. After all, what matters is the balance of social utility. Therefore, in this case, it is an easy job–five minus one is four ! The balance is four people. The four people saved by his diverting the trolley would continue to contribute to the society. Thus it seems that the above is all the computation and the driver would divert the trolley and save the five people by killing the other on the other rail. However, this is to simplify Act Utilitarianism. Act Utilitarianism might take into account the overall influences of this case on the society. Just imagine that people in his society might trapped in panic, once they learn that the trolley driver is doing such a thing basing on such a computation—they just don’t know when they would be killed by people in the name of social utility. Thus the driver would take into account whether his decision would lead to uncertainty and more bloodshed. If the driver found that no one knows that it is his calculation of utility which drives him to divert the trolley, he might divert the trolley, since no further costs would be caused by his actions.

However, on the Rule Utilitarian ground, no detailed calculation is involved. The driver might reason in the following way. He might resort to some rules based on the Principle of Utility. What matters is not the overall utility in his case, but rather certain rule suiting his case. If he knows that there is a rule saying that killing people with intention is always wrong to the extent that it always produces the lowest social utility, he would feel obligated to let the five people die. On the other hand, if he knows that there is a rule saying that killing people in this circumstance would always produce the most utility and thus is right to do that, he would divert the trolley.

Thus, it seems that on the utilitarian ground, this case is not a dilemma at all. By the computation grounded by utilitarian standpoint it is possible to make conclusive decision. What Utilitarianism cares is the overall social utility created by actions or rules. Even though there are two types of Utilitarianism—Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism—their computation might drive to the same policy or decision in the end. Anyway, both are able to make conclusive decisions.

However, the utilitarian ground might confront some criticism. As for the act utilitarianism, people might respond that killing intentionally is always a murder, it could not be justified the lives of the five people saved by murder. However, Act Utilitarianism would respond that the concept “murder” is presupposing a moral judgment grounded by the Deontology ground—killing intentionally is always morally wrong and should be labeled as “murder”. For Utilitarianism, every moral judgment should be made on the ground of utility. Thus, killing is a morally neutral concept or action. It is possible that killing might be moral wrong in so far as it fails to produce the most balance of utility. However, there is no prior and negative definition of killing—murder.

When it comes to the issue of the resolution drawn by the Rule Utilitarianism, it is also disputable. Where are the rules based on the Principle of Utility? What if the rule requires that the driver in that circumstance should divert the trolley since it would produce the best overall balance of utility? Those rules might be challenging our commonsense morality! Rule Utilitarianism might reply that these rules are made by prudent legislators or impartial spectators. They have figured out rules producing the most benefit for the society as a whole and put them in Code or something like that. People just resort to it to act and do not have to make calculation any more. Yes, Utilitarianism is challenging our commonsense morality in some cases. However, it does not matter. The reason is that commonsense morality is unsystematic, incoherent, and thus, undependable. Commonsense morality resorts to intuitions, religious literatures, and the so-called Deontology. However, in some cases these three sources might deliver three conflicting rules. As a result, people would face moral dilemma. However, Utilitarianism has provided comprehensive, coherent, and dependable rules for people to live a moral life. On the Utilitarian ground, people can always figure out a decisive solution to certain cases and there would be no moral dilemma any more.

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The pluralistic social impact of the Black Death

下面为大家整理一篇优秀的essay代写范文 — The pluralistic social impact of the Black Death，文章讲述最近，席卷西非的埃博拉疫情已致命。令大多数人惊讶的是，根据疾病控制与预防中心的科学家在2014年10月31日的报道，这种新型病毒已经杀死了4,992人。这是一种真正残酷的杀手，藏在西非的角落，但与另一种相比瘟疫，埃博拉病毒只是次要的，埃博拉病毒的影响只是刮擦表面。最致命的灾难是欧洲中世纪爆发的瘟疫-黑死病。它是人类历史上最毁灭性的流行病之一（阿德勒274）。

The pluralistic social impact of the Black Death

Introduction

1234Recently, there has been a fatal epidemic sweeping West Africa—Ebola. To most people’s surprise, this novel virus has already killed an estimated 4,992 people according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention scientists at 31,October, 2014. It is a really ruthless killer hiding in almost corner of West Africa, but when compared with another pestilence, Ebola is just a minor one and the impacts of Ebola just scratch the surface. The most lethal disaster is the plague that broke out in the Middle Age in Europe—Black Death. It was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history (Adler 274). The Black Death had so profound and far-reaching effects on Europe that it almost ruined Europe from the aspects of demographic, cultural, economy, social structure, politics and even religions. Many terrible impacts of this event still affect Europe and the world today. Before discussing the impacts of the Black Death, one must understand what it is and what it did.As Philip J. Alder explains in his book World Civilization, “The Black Death of the mid-and late fourteenth century is themost massive epidemic on record and by far the most lethal in European history”(273). It also occurred in most part of Asia and the Middle East during the same period, which means this outbreak was actually a worldwideepidemic. The event was firstcalled as the “Great Mortality” in Europe in the14th century, “Death came in about two cases out of three, with the highest morality being the old and young”(Kelly, 132). And with later outbreaks, it became known as the Black Death. The name comes from a symptom of the disease, in which sufferers’ skin wouldblacken due to thehaemorrhage under the skin. But the later splash of the epidemic and the huge influence it created added a lot of terror to the name “the Black Death”

Demographic Impacts

The most direct and initial impact Black Death brought to Europe is the heavy death toll. As a major medium, rat fleas jumped to human bodies from rats and brought the virus to human beings, so that people could easily get infected. Between human beings, the virus could spread quickly by skin to skin contact, affected food intake and even respiratory tract infection (Tataro26). Besides, since the medical knowledge in the 14th century is undeveloped, not only common people, but also the government was not aware of the severity and nature of the disease. As a result of such a rapid spread of the virus and poor medical knowledge, more and more people got infected and could do nothing but wait to die. Although it is very difficult for historians to tell the exact deaths of the Plague for the lack of record, there’s still some estimate statistics. “In Europe alone, it is likely that from 1347 to 1352, the plague killed at least twenty million people” (Sharon). Gradually, the deaths in Europe were followed by a mass of deaths in the rest part of the world—totally, the initial plague infections and recurrences of the plague caused the world’s population to drop by at least 75 million people in the 14th century (Sharon). Because of this plague, the whole world lost a large population and the continent of Europe became an empty deserted wasteland.

If we take a closer look at the infected population, we would notice the mortality associated with the Black Death is highly selective. Sharon N. DeWitte, who comes from a medical field and shows the bubonic plague through medical terms, analyzes the demographical impacts of the epidemic in her article, Mortality Risk and Survival in the Aftermath of theMedieval Black Death. She believes the medieval epidemic mighthave powerfully shaped patterns of health and demography in thesurviving population, producing a post-Black Death populationthat differed in many significant ways, at least over the short term,from the population that existed just before the epidemic. (1) Like all other epidemic, the Black Death targets frail people of all ages at first and kills themwithin an extremely short period of time.The epidemic represents a force of natural selection and wipe out all that can not survive the challenge. In addition, according to Sharon, the epidemic might have affected genetic variation and thus, acted toreduce average levels of frailty in the surviving population.(2) In this case, we might be able to draw the conclusion that the Black Death guarantees the survivors are those physically stronger people and whose offspring have healthier DNA. Samuel K. Cohn, JR holds a slightly different opinion on that and of course his study mainly focuses on the cultural impacts of the Black Death.

Cultural Impacts

Historical records haveregarded the Black Death as an outbreak of bubonic plague. But Samuel K. Cohn, JR believes the truth is the other way around. While Sharon approaches the impact of the Black Death from the medical standpoint, Samuel views the Black Death more of a social phenomenon or a tragedy that occurred inevitably in history and made a scar on the progress of human civilization as well as on people’s memories. He explains in his article The Black Death: End of a Paradigm:“The character of the Black Death—its speed, mode of transmission,swiftness and psychological impact was wholly different from that of therat-based bubonic plague.” (35) The way Samuel describes the Black Death, using words like “transmission and swiftness” like the Black Death is a living thing, a scary monster, wrecking down towns and cities, taking lives of men and women and destroy civilization. Apart from the unique feature of the Black Death in terms of pathology, I believe although the epidemic serves as a force of natural selection, its immediate psychological strike among European people and its profound impact is what makes the disease as horrible as its name sound. Just like Samuel’s language, which is filled with sincere and gloomy emotion and depicts a sorrowful and obscure language styles, his study focus on the cultural aspects of impacts created by the Black Death and how the epidemic influence on human nature. As Samuel mentions,

The first sweep ofplague, 1347 to 1351, provoked as close to a universal chorus as one hears in history.Merchant chroniclers, priests, and university-trained doctors claimed that thismalady was new to world history, that doctors and medicine were useless, and thatall that could be done was to pray for God’s mercy. Explanations of the plague werenot sought in the human sphere but in God’s wrath and the configuration of planets. (3)

At the beginning of the plague, since people found no way to deal with it, most people thought it as a punishment that God put to human beings, so they prayed to God to put the plague to an end. Yet their prayers didn’t work so well, so they began to realize that religion could do nothing to stop the spread of the disease and their family’s suffering. Consequently, many people didn’t believe in God anymore and they refused to do church services in many areas. Actually, it implies the powerlessness of the churches when they ran into the plague and weaken the papal authority.The Black Death was so fierce and the Church was powerless to stop it, since people had no idea about viruses at that time. They started to question the Church and their interpretation of life. Apart from the consistently declining spiritual position of Church among normal people, they are losing money as well. With the help of the nobles, the Church successfully suppressed the peasant revolts caused by the Black Death. However, they still couldn’t get themselves out of declining situation. From the point of economy, most of the Church’s incomes were from lands. With the dropping food prices and the rising wages of labors, the Church and nobles can hardly maintain their income. This will be further discussed later.

Furthermore, the Black Death also had a great impact on European society.As mentioned before. Europe lost about half of its entire populations. With so many deaths, the society experienced several big changes which would influencethe development of society later.It’s worth noting that the epidemicincrease thepersecution of the Jews.During the Black Death, Jews were often targeted because people at that time were unable to explain the plague and were in panic. Fewer Jews were killed by the Black Death compared with other ethnic groups. On this occasion, together with the ethnic prejudice and hatred, many people began to wonder if this plague was a Jewish conspiracy or a curse from God that allowed Jews into their lands. So as a result, lots of Jews were arrested and persecuted. In fact, the reason why fewer Jews died during the Black Death was that their settlements were always isolated, and had better hygiene (Kohn, 200). However, this was not understood at that time.

Economic Impacts

The Black Death destroyed the economyof Europe that would require a long timeto recover.After the plague had swept through Europe and reduced the population by a third, the prices of goods and food dropped off drastically because of the sudden surplus. Thus people began to bought things which they didn’t really need. However, excess amount of food had been consumed up, and the shortage of labor began to make an impact. Prices rose uprapidly and became as high as the pre-plague time. In addition, some places experienced a shortage of labor that was not relieved for at least two generations. Laborers were soon in high demand.They realized that their services were rare so they could charge any rate they want. As a result, wages for the surviving workers rose sharply (Routt, 2011). In response to this, governments created laws to limitwages. But this proved to be in vain and in turn would later cause peasant revolts in the later 14th Century.

12345In addition to the effects on wages, there were other economic effects as well. Towns were once the important centers of trade in the Late Middle Ages. Markets were located in the centers of towns and people from different places could trade with each other here. However, these towns werestruck severely after the Black Death. People lived in towns were much easier to be infected by the disease because of the poor sanitary condition.Thus, people abandoned many townsout of safety(Routt, 2011). As a result, trade was heavilyhindered, and there was no central location for people to meet and trade.

Conclusion

The Black Death was the terror of the MiddleAges. It affected almost every aspect of life in Europe. And where the plague struck, nothing could be the same. Millions of people died in this period. While some believe the Black Death serves as a force of natural selection and sees the rebirth of a physically-stronger human society. Others insist the epidemic destroys traditional ways of material and spiritual life, social and economic structures in Europe. In any case, the massive damage of the Black Death can’t he denied, but some of the changes caused by this terror turned out to be conducive to the development of society and human races. That’s why people always say: Every cloud has a silver lining.

Works Cited

Sharon, N. DeWitte. Mortality Risk and Survival in the Aftermath of theMedieval BlackDeath. PLoS ONE 9(5): e96513. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096513

Samuel, K. Cohn JR.The Black Death: End of a ParadigmAmerican Historical Review. June 2002, Vol. 107 Issue 3, p703-738. 36p. 21 Graphs.

Adler, Philip J. World Civilizations.America: Wadsworth,2000.Print

Boccaccio, Giovanni. “The Black Death, 1348 .”Eye Witness History.,n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2012. <http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/plague.htm>.

Byrne, Joseph Patrick. Encyclopedia of the Black Death. Santa Barbara: Clif, 2012. Print

Kelly, John. The Great Mortality: An Intimate History Of The Black Death, The MostDevastating Plague Of All Time. New York: Harper Collins, 2005.Print.

Kohn, George.Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. New York:Infobase Publishing, 2008. Print

Tatoro. Suffering in Paradise: The Bubonic Plague in English Literature from More to Milton. Pittsburg: Duquesne University Press, 2005, P26. Print.

Routt, David. “The Economic Impact of the Black Death.”Economic History.N.p.,n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2011. <http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/Routt.Black.Death>.

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