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A proposal for the facility conditions of West Valley Mission College

A proposal for the facility conditions of West Valley Mission College

51Due教员组给各位留学生分享一篇纯原创代写范文essay，文章主要讨论由于几十年的使用和缺乏维护，西谷教会学院区的设施条件不再能够满足教育和职业培训的必要和充分的方案和项目（“第04072201号决议”）。2004年圣克拉拉选举的措施H，也被称为西谷教会社区学院区的大学维修/就业培训措施，建议发行2.35亿美元债券，用于维修和升级西谷教会学院的设施（“第04072201号决议”）。修复和升级项目包括培训和转移计划、消防安全、屋顶漏水、教室技术、图书馆和计算机实验室等

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Due to decades of using and lack of maintenance, facility condition of the West Valley-Mission College District could no longer satisfy necessary and sufficient programs and projects for education and job training (“Resolution No. 04072201”). Measure H for Santa Clara 2004 Election, also known as College Repair/Job Training Measure in the West Valley-Mission Community College District, proposed that 235 million dollars should be issued in bonds to repair and upgrade facilities in the West Valley and Mission Colleges (“Resolution No. 04072201”). Repairing and upgrading projects would include training and transfer programs, fire safety, leaky roofs, classroom technology, libraries, and computer labs, and so forth (“Resolution No. 04072201”).

Argumentation for approving the above proposal was presented and illustrated (Smith et al.). It was argued that community colleges are valuable assets for the community, because in the tough times of economic situation, community colleges are more affordable and accessible than selective and expensive universities and colleges (Smith et al.). Therefore, a proposal for building a better community college education environment should be of great importance for improving not only education future but also economic future (Smith et al.).

While arguments in favor of Measure H were listed, rebuttals for such argumentation were raised. It was doubted that bonding proposal was merely a fake title for actual property tax, that 20% of graduates from the community colleges were not community citizens and would take jobs and benefit outsides of the community, that the West Valley-Mission Community College District should not be rewarded for irresponsibility, and that the proposal would be unfair for homeowners and would be detrimental for others’ home ownership dream (“Rebuttal to Argument in Favor of Santa Clara County Measure H”). Besides that, it was pointed out that since property tax had already funded 1.2 million dollars for upgrading the community colleges in March 2003, the proposal of Measure H for more bonds was unnecessary (Hacker et al.).

Despites of all doubting and against voices, Measure H that called for 235 million dollars’ bond for college facilities in West Valley Mission Community College District was approved with 60.0% supporting rate on November 2^nd, 2004, (“State and Local Bond and Tax Ballot Measures Results of the November 2004 General Election”, A-9). The approval of this Measure means an agreement on improving training programs, classroom facilities including firefighters, nurses and emergency medical technicians, improving local outdated education condition, and providing people with re-training for job skills (“Resolution No. 04072201”).

Implementation results of Measure H for 2004 November election was connected to the next bond Measure, Measure C for June 2012 election, to a certain degree. Bond Measure C, Santa Clara June 2012 election called for issuing 350 million dollars for better equipping the upgrading the current community college condition and for providing better education (no money for administrators’ salaries or employee pensions) at West Valley and Mission Colleges (“Resolution No. 12020701.”). Upgrading projects in Measure C went a step forward than repairing in Measure H, as it focused on more complex projects such as building constructing for earthquake safety and job training facilities (“Resolution No. 12020701.”).

Details of promising upgrades in Measure C could be seen from words of arguments in favor of Measure C. A few people argued for the approval of Measure C (Fong et al.). In their argumentation, disciplines including Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) were highlighted for their importance for students’ career future, and therefore facilities, for an example laboratory space, for holding such courses were in need (Fong et al.). It was also argued that West Valley and Mission Colleges are offering high quality career training programs which should deserve fund support (Fong et al.). Besides, students growing math and literacy proficiencies at Santa Clara became the last but not the least reason for supporting the approval on Measure C (Fong et al.).

However, there were rebuttals towards the above supporting reasons by suggesting that there should be other means to achieve a better educational environment, and that the last bond Measure H in 2004 was passed but money was not used appropriately. It was stated that the last bond Measure H was necessary and reasonable, but Measure C should not be (Schwartz, “Argument Against Measure C”). In his words, residents in the community would continue to pay for the last Measure H and for another more 350 million dollars if Measure C got passed (Schwartz, “Argument Against Measure C”). Furthermore, the District failed to hold their promises to use the money appropriately, since there were still old facilities remaining unfixed (Schwartz, “Argument Against Measure C”). The remaining poor graduation rate became another doubt for spending such a huge amount of money on the community colleges who could have provided more courses by opening on Fridays and Saturdays (Schwartz, “Argument Against Measure C”). What’s more, since the last Measure H, false class attendance records were submitted by the District for state reimbursement (Schwartz, “Argument Against Measure C”). Therefore, the proposal for West Valley-Mission Community College District bond proposition, Measure C June 2012, should be considered as futile.

With arguments for and against it, Measure C was finally passed with 59.84% supporting rate on June 5^th 2012 (“Measure C Bonds”). It means to authorize the issuance and sale of 350 million dollars’ bonds within the District (Marquez). The Board of Trustees of the West Valley-Mission Community College District calls for 350 million dollars’ bonds for supporting affordable education at West Valley and Mission Colleges through upgrading teaching facilities and technology in the hope to prepare students for jobs and further education opportunities in the new century, and for updating old buildings and constructions (Marquez). Money using in other aspects such as teacher salaries and school operating costs are prohibited (Marquez). Furthermore, financial audits and an independent citizens’ oversight committee would be conducted as the District promised (Marquez).

Although both Measure H and Measure C was approved for bonds for community colleges at the West Valley-Mission District, more funding is in need which leads to the proposal of Measure W Bond Issue for November 2018 election (“Resolution No. 18080702.”). Measure W would authorize to issue 698 million dollars’ bonds to be used in educational facility projects in the West Valley Mission Community Colleges (“Impartial Analysis”). The bonds would be paid by property taxes in the District. A minimum of 55% rate for voting pass is required for approval the measure (“Impartial Analysis”). Raised money would only be used for the educational purposes, including school facilities upgrading, aging buildings repairing, and other facilities replacing (“Impartial Analysis”). An independent professional for checking money use is required by the California Constitution. Also, an independent citizen’s oversight committee is required by State law. The date of the election would be November 6^th 2018 (“Impartial Analysis”).

Along with the logistics of the measure, reasons for proposal such a measure are listed. Some of them might sound familiar to what have been stated in proposal for the past Measure H and Measure C. First and foremost, community colleges are great assets for local students for they are more affordable than public universities in California (“Resolution No. 18080702”). Second, in current competitive job market, job training and education are of great importance for local residents to be equipped with necessary skills to enter and compete in the workforce (“Resolution No. 18080702”). However, the State is not financially supporting the community for better academic facilities and environment (“Resolution No. 18080702”). Therefore, a local measure is what people need. It will also provide help for students in fields of nursing, engineering and firefighting, and for veterans to get affordable and high quality education and skill training to return to civilian life (“Resolution No. 18080702”).

Voices from the opposite side are displayed. In one piece of news report on the Mercury News site, this measure proposal was described as “beyond outrageous” (Schwartz, “Opinion”). The author pointed out that half of the 2012 funding have not been used and they are asking for more (Schwartz, “Opinion”). He thought “our buildings have leaking roofs” could not be a reasonable explanation for asking people to continue to pay for the prior two bonds and the new bond for the next decades (Schwartz, “Opinion”). Inappropriate use of money stays for another reason for not approving the measure. He further argued that there is a discrepancy between the claimed need for money for classroom construction and the fact that classroom facilities are actually “under-utilized” (Schwartz, “Opinion”). Moreover, it was the school district who appointed the required independent bond oversight committees, which decreases their accountability greatly (Schwartz, “Opinion”). He finally confessed that he was one of the governing board members at West-Valley Mission for the Measure H in 2004, and that he would regret his decision if he had have known the above facts (Schwartz, “Opinion”).

It was also pointed out that many responsible construction contractors would be discouraged and excluded due to the “Project Labor Agreement” required by West Valley-Mission Community College District (“Argument Against Measure W”). Therefore, it might cause problems in construction process.

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Interview on a Good Life

51Due教员组给各位留学生分享一篇纯原创代写范文essay，文章主要说不同的人有不同的生活经历，因此对美好生活的理解也不同。这对不同的世代来说尤其如此。不同世代的人的生活就像一本未开封的书。虽然我们生活在同一个世界，但我们对它的看法可能完全不同。因此，探索下一代人的生活并理解他们对世界的看法是很有趣的。有了这一使命，采访旨在促进不同世代之间的沟通，从而更好地理解不同的价值观。为了这个项目，我决定采访我的父亲。随着采访开始探索越来越深入的话题，我发现自己处于一种敬畏的状态，因为我从未从采访者、局外人的角度见过我的父亲。我对这个世界上我最爱的人有了全新的理解和尊重。

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Interview on a Good Life

Different people have different life experiences, and therefore different understandings about what it means to have a good life. This is especially true for different generations. The lives of people from a different generation is like an unopened book. Although we exist in the same world, we may have entirely different views of it. It is thus intriguing to explore the lives of people from another generation and understand how they perceive the world. With this mission, the interview is intended to foster communication between different generations and thus gain a better understand of different values. For this project, I decided to interview my father. As the interview began to explore the more and more in-depth topics, I found myself in a state of awe because I have never seen my father from the angle of an interviewer, an outsider. And as I did, I had an entirely new understanding of and respect for the person that I love the most in the world.

China in the late 70s was just awakening from the nightmare of the Culture Revolution and the social disturbances that accompanies. In 1971, my father was born as the third child in a family, from a small city in northern China. Although his family was not rich, his parents, who were both blue-collar working class in the local factory, did the best they could to support their children’s education. He maintained his good grades and successfully enrolled in a university in Beijing when he was 19 years old. In university, my father studied electrical engineering and became an engineer after he graduated. He married my mother, who is his classmate from the same university as his, at the age of 29. They have one child, currently a college student. Currently, his family lives in Beijing and the interviewee works as a senior manager in a telecommunication carrier company.

When asked about what is the definition of a good life, the interviewee believes that a good life is about being able to appreciate the ordinary things in life. He mentioned that being born in the 1970s, instead of earlier, saved him a lot of troubles in life. When the social unrest happened in the 60s, he was not born. His elderly brother, however, was influenced by the social disturbance and did not have the education opportunities that he had to go to a university. Meanwhile, he also feels lucky not to be born in the 1980s, when people began to worry about the new round of social wealth differentiation. He is fortunate enough to experience education, career choice, buying a house, getting a family, raising a child, and investing in a society that is growing steadily and harmoniously. While the predictability of life may seem dull to some, stability and peace is the interviewee’s version of a good life.

In response to the question of how to enjoy a good life, the interviewee’s answer is to keep a younger mindset. Sometimes, he imagines himself to be in his thirties, even if he is already in his late forties. He doesn’t want to think too much about age, although he has to face it. Keeping a younger mindset helps him when he tries to understand something new, instead of keeping to his own beliefs and experience. The interviewee also mentions about keeping the feet on the ground while freeing the mind. There are responsibilities in life that he must fulfill, the role of a husband, a father, and a manager at work. Maintaining these roles sounds simple, but doing them well at the same time requires hard work. Over the years, the life of the interviewee shifted gradually, and he considers it important to embrace these changes. For example, he used to get up much later during the weekends when he was younger, but now he wakes up every day at 7 o’clock sharp. Embracing the little changes, and performing the different roles in life, to the interviewee, are ways to make a good life.

When asked whether he has a good life according to his own definition, the interviewee gave the positive answer. Unlike the youth born in the 1980s and 1990s, the interviewee considers himself in lack of idealism. When he stepped into the society, he was thinking more about practical goals of how to make money. He considers his current financial status satisfying, which is the foundation of a good life. In terms of life style, the interviewee is leaning towards a healthier life style in recent years. After entering the 40s, he gradually hated bars, parties, and business meetings that involves social drinking. Instead, he has growing interest to be close to nature. For the interviewee, the biggest satisfaction of life comes from the trips that his family makes every year. Overall, the interviewee feels content about his current life.

When asked about the key determining factors of happiness, the interviewee believes that happiness is determined more by internal factors than external factors. He defines happiness as a state of mind to make peace with the world, whatever the world is like. After rushing into the 40s, the interviewee recalled that he had done many wrong things, and took too many detours. He had always regretted it, but he can’t go back to the once innocent era. Therefore, he has learned to let go and look forward instead of backward. The interviewee understands happiness as having the hope for a better future. Without such conviction that tomorrow is a better day than today, one is not truly happy. When people are overwhelmed by the invisible pressure in society, they are eager for the love, eager to get off work every day, to have someone to eat together, to watch movies together. Everyone needs someone to share something with them. For the interview, such support come from his family. But he believes that there are other ways to achieve happiness as well.

When asked about the problems that humans must address, the interviewee came up with the issue of aging. He does not feel as strong and energetic as he did in his 30s, which worries him even though he tries not to focus on this issue. Although aging is a natural process for all human beings, everyone is on his or her own reconciling with the fact of their own aging. For the interviewee, this is an ongoing process. The interviewee turns to the traditional Buddhism teachings about life and death, and finds that people at different ages fulfill different roles. The Buddhism teaches people to endure the sufferings of life to achieve true happiness. This aligns with the weak adversity hypothesis that adversity can lead to growth. In fact, with aging, the life possibilities are not getting smaller but getting bigger. The last thing that people should do is reject who they are and refuse the natural changes in their lives. Instead of focusing on what is lost and the “cannot” s, people should focus more on what is gained with the years, and their increasing openness of the mind.

Regarding happiness, the interviewee believes that another crisis that human beings face is the loss of spirituality. As of today, modern civilization has created a very rich material life on the one hand, but at the same time, it has also exposed people to many new crises – even as the material is getting richer, knowledge is increasing, and the level of culture is getting higher, but we are less and less able to be happy. Modern civilization basically does not attach importance to the inner enrichment. Because the direction is wrong, the end can only be empty-handed and defeated. The interviewee gives the example about why poor people with poor material conditions have a higher sense of well-being. Because most of them live in remote and closed places, there are no rich people around, there is very little information about the outside world. For them, it is thus very comfortable with the status quo, and easy to have happiness. If there is no external shock, this happiness can last until eternity. However, if these people walk out of their original life circle, or see more advertisements, and know what the life of the rich is like, they will be envious, jealous, and indignant, thus losing their original happiness. In response, humans must channel their spirituality and keep in touch with the nature, instead of being lost in the pursuit for material life.

Overall, the interviewee has highlighted family, inner peace, and spirituality as the most important elements for happiness. The experience of the interview is valuable for me as well because it shows the different way happiness is perceived by my father. For me, I consider happiness to be something obtained from more experience of nice things in life. For my father, it is about being content with what’s provided by the life. The comparison between the generational difference may be explained by the course theory that above a certain monetary threshold, increase in money won’t lead to significant increases in the sense of happiness. This is further elaborated by the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which shows that once our needs are met, our happiness depend on non-material factors, such as the level of maturity, family, and passion for the career achievements. In seeking spirituality, as suggested by the interviewee, human beings may turn to nature and religion to seek the good life that is independent from material conditions.

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The impact of social media violence on youth

51Due教员组给各位留学生分享一篇纯原创代写范文essay，文章主要这两篇精选文章讨论了同一个话题，即社交媒体暴力对青年的影响。虽然涉及同一问题，但这两篇文章属于不同的学科，如巴顿等人（2014年）属于人类行为研究，安德森等人（2003年）属于心理科学。选题与当前社会发展趋势密切相关。首先，社交媒体设备和工具的日益便利、普及和可承受性增强了在线活动对用户的影响。其次，越来越多的年轻用户可以使用社交媒体，因此很容易受到社交媒体的影响，因为年轻用户在批判性和独立思考方面可能还不成熟，在为自己的行为负责方面也不成熟。基于以上两个原因，本课题被选为值得讨论的话题。

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Introduction

In this project, two academic articles, Patton et al., (2014) and Anderson et al., (2003), will be reviewed and evaluated through the lens of academic language and writing genre. There will be compare and comparison on the two selected articles in the perspectives of argument presentation, evidence use, and other elements of academic writing genre. Both articles are written in APA format.

The two selected articles discuss the same topic, which is the impact of social media violence on youth. Although addressing the same issue, the two articles belong to different disciplines, as Patton et al., (2014) belongs to Human Behavior study while Anderson et al., (2003) belongs to Psychological Science. The topic choice is closely related with current social development trends. First of all, the increasing convenience, popularity, and affordance of social media devices and tools enhances online activities’ impact on their users. Secondly, more and more young users get access to social media, and thusly are vulnerable to its influence as young users may not mature in critical and independent thinking and not mature in taking responsibility for one’s behavior. For the above two reasons, this topic is chosen and considered as worthy discussing.

Summary on the selected articles

In Patton et al., (2014), the authors examined research articles and studies within the scope of social media violence and its impact on youth. In reviewing articles, the authors classifying articles by four categories of online violence including cyber-bullying, cyber-stalking, gang violence, and cyber-suicide. The review result shows that youth violence through social media is occurring and increasing, which leads to the conclusion that online youth violence phenomenon is worthy of public attention and that prevention research is wanted.

Anderson et al. (2003) investigated five questions including: “what does research say about the relation – both short-term and long-term – between media violence and aggressive and violent behavior?”, “how does media violence produce its effects on aggressive and violent behavior?”, “what characteristics of media violence are most influential, and who is most susceptible to such influences?”, “how widespread and accessible is violence in the media?”, and “how can individuals and society counteract the influence of media violence?” (p.82). For each question, the authors conducted literature review on related studies, carefully examined data from the selected studies, and presented review conclusion. The ultimate implication of this article is that multilayered solutions are needed for social media violence’s impact on youth.

It is clear that both articles belong to literature review and discussion category, since there is no empirical research question, method, and date generated from the authors. Another similarity is that a developmental view is embraced in both articles, as the authors acknowledged that new tools for violence behavior and new factors for influencing youth violence are evolving.

Evaluation

As for argumentation, both articles evaluated works from other scholars through selecting relevant literature, summarizing selected study contents and results, and discussing on results and implications. However, as for readers, argumentation in Anderson et al., (2003) may appear more straightforward and clearer than in Patton et al., (2014), because the five research questions in Anderson et al., (2003) are clearly stated and listed as bullet points in the introduction section. Through listing the research questions, the authors give readers a clear clue about what would be discussed and focused on next. Further more, it allows readers, at least for me, to think and reflect on the research questions while reading the content, that if the current discussion is directed towards the intended investigation questions.

Although both articles are substantially reviewing relevant literature within its own field, ways of presenting evidence are essentially different. First difference appears in the process of selecting literature. Instead of choosing literature according to its citation popularity and research date period, Patton et al. (2014) searched relevant studies in seven research databases (ERIC, PsychINFO, Social Service Abstracts, PubMed, and Scopus), and on site only authorized with .edu and .gov. They assessed 105 articles and finally reported on 56. The selected studies cover the following research types: quasi-experiment, survey, review, qualitative, case study, and editorial studies. Then, the authors classified the selected literature into four social media violence types and reviewed for each. In Anderson et al. (2003), on the contrary, no clear illustration on how literature was selected. Relevant studies were classified according to types of social media such as television and music video, and research methods from literature included randomized experiments, cross-sectional surveys, and longitudinal surveys. From a reader’s perspective, Patton et al. (2014) covered literature more thorough than Anderson et al. (2003), and thusly might provide a whole picture of the current issue; however, Anderson et al. (2003) provided illustration more detailed.

The disparity in selecting and using literature may lead to evidence presentation difference. For the types of research literature, Patton et al. (2014) covered more research types and therefore its discussion appeared to be more thorough. However, most of the evidence is descriptive and only data that reports on results is mentioned. For example, “according to a study of 30 gang members ages 16-20 in a large city in Israel, the degree to which gang members are engaged in social media activities may be impacted by their technical proficiency (Sela-Shayovitz, 2012) (Patton et al., 2014, p.551) is a piece of descriptive evidence. In Anderson et al., (2003), on the contrary, the majority of evidence presenting is quantitative and statistic. While reviewing date from literature, there are statistic figures to be interpreted. For example, in discussing the television and movie social media type and its influence on youth violence, the authors introduced a longitudinal survey that “Eron and his colleagues found that a boy’s exposure to media violence at age 8 was significantly related to his aggressive behavior 10 years later, after he graduated from high school (r = .31, N = 184, p < .01)” (Anderson et al., 2003, p.87). Compared with descriptive evidence in Patton et al., (2014), Anderson et al., (2003) allows readers to truly understand and interpret the reviewed literature, as it presented and clarified what descriptive words such as “more and more”, “increased”, and “have greater impact” mean and indicate in the current discussion.

In conclusion, within the field of Psychological Science, Anderson et al. (2003) presented argumentation with more data evidence, while Patton et al. (2014) for Human Behavior discipline appeared to be covering a bigger picture with general and descriptive evidence. Therefore, from a reader’s point of view, Anderson et al. (2003) might appear to be more persuasive than Patton et al. (2014), for a detailed identification of the investigated questions and detailed evidence presentation. However, Anderson et al. (2003) might be difficult for readers to understand or confuse readers with all statistical figures. Patton et al. (2014), on the contrary, might be more reader friendly, especially for readers with little background knowledge and statistical data interpretation knowledge.

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Criticism of Zanele Muholi’s Exhibition

51Due教员组给各位留学生分享一篇纯原创代写范文essay，文章主要讨论Zanele Muholi是一名非洲摄影师，他自称的使命是“改写南非的黑人酷儿和跨视觉历史，让世界了解我们在南非及其他地区仇恨犯罪最严重的时候的抵抗和存在”。基于此，不难发现她对非洲女性的命运做出了巨大贡献，她的许多作品也有助于实现她的使命，这将通过我们参观的名为Somnyama Ngonyama的展览来详细阐述，展览中的黑色墙壁上有白色的文字，这使它易于阅读。黑白背景与作品非常契合，使整个展览成为一个整体。同时，地板非常明亮，墙上的作品在地板上也有阴影。这样一来，观众往往会两次欣赏这些作品。

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Criticism of Zanele Muholi’s Exhibition

Zanele Muholi is an African photographer whose self-proclaimed mission is “to rewrite a Black queer and trans visual history of South Africa for the world to know of our resistance and existence at the height of hate crimes in South Africa and beyond”. Based on this, it is not hard to find that she has really contributed a lot to the destiny of African women and many of her works can help deliver her mission as well, which will be elaborated on by involving her exhibition that we have visited called Somnyama Ngonyama, Hail the Dark Lioness Curated by Renee Mussai from September 14, 2018 to December 8, 2018.

First and foremost, the black wall with white words on it in the exhibition makes it easy to read. And the black and white background fits in quite well with the works so as to make the entire exhibition a whole. At the same time, the floor is so bright that the works on the wall as well have shadows in the floor. In this way, the audience tends to appreciate those works twice.

And then what I would like to talk about is that most of the works exhibited are the self-portraits of black women, which may be related to her mission to help those black women. As a matter of fact, those self-portraits reflect the journey, possibilities and self-image of a black woman in today’s society. Through those self-portraits, Zanele Muhol’s radical statements about identity, race and resistance can be seen as a direct response to contemporary and historical racism. Or maybe it can be put in another way that all these self-portraits can be seen as the weapons for those black women to fight against the unequal treatment that they have received.

Moreover, many of the works are exhibited quite close to one another on the same wall, which makes it more shocking for the audience when they see the various monographs at the same time. In this way, the audience can know about the history of black women and rethink what history is all about, leading to the protection of those black women to some extent. As a matter of fact, those works provides me a heavy feeling and I am really sympathetic for those black women. What is the most impressive is the eyes of those black women and they seem to talk about a series of sufferings that the black women have experienced in the past, which strengthens my heavy mood. According to this, it is obvious that Zanele Muholi is effective in protecting a large majority of black women.

Last but not the least, what will be mentioned is that some black women directly lie down in the works, which definitely draws the attention of the audience because the audience would like to figure out why Zanele Muholi would like to portray the black women on the bed without their face identified. Maybe Zanele Muholi would like to use the lying woman as the representation of all black women.

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Jews were inevitably discriminated against culturally and institutionally

Jews were inevitably discriminated against culturally and institutionally

51Due教员组给各位留学生分享一篇纯原创代写范文essay，文章讨论中世纪中期，天主教会确定了对犹太人的政策。作为一个宗教习俗不同于主流的社会少数群体，犹太人不可避免地在文化和制度上受到歧视。从文化和宗教的角度来看，基督徒认为背叛耶稣的犹大是犹太人。这就是对犹太人的邪恶和不诚实刻板印象的根源。作为回报，犹太教是一种无神论宗教，不相信天堂、地狱或耶稣是世界的救世主。这些意识形态上的差异导致了两人之间的进一步分歧。

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During the central Middle Ages, the Catholic church defined its policy towards the Jews. As a social minority group that had religious practices different from the mainstream, it was inevitable for the Jews to be discriminated both culturally and institutionally. From the cultural and religious perspective, Christians believed that Judah, who betrayed Jesus, was a Jew. This was the origin of the evil and dishonest stereotype against Jews. In return, Judaism was a Henotheism religion that did not believe in the notions of heaven, hell, or Jesus being the savior of the world. These ideological differences led to the further divergence among the two.

Institutional discrimination against Jews were equally severe in Europe. Christianity was the dominant religion in Europe, and it infiltrated the political sector as well. This was the main reason why Jews were considered politically inferior citizens. Although Judaism was permitted, Jews were not allowed to hold official positions. In the 13^th century, Jews were also required to wear a badge, a cap, or distinguishable clothing that helped others identify them. It was not common for Jews to mingle with Christians because they were discriminated against. Therefore, Jews Medieval Europe commonly lived only in designated areas of the town.

Unable to participate in the more “honorable” positions, Jews became business persons to earn a living. Many entered the highly profitable moneylending business. This alarmed the officials again, fearing that the Jews may accumulate wealth and power above Christendom. Moneylending was thus criticized as a sin for Christians, despite the fact that moneylending activities contributed greatly to the thriving economy. Legislations were created and enforces that specifically targeted Jews. Eventually, Jews in England and France were expelled in 1290 and 1306 respectively. Germany and Austria followed in the 14^th century. Centuries of ideological divide finally led to racial hatred and violence on the mass scale.

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A Discussion Of Ethical Dilemma Of Photo Journalism And Reporters

51Due教员组今天给各位留学生带来一篇纯原创代写道德范文，讲的是摄影新闻与记者的伦理困境，希望这篇可以帮助到各位留学生，同时需要代写也可以直接联系我们51Due客服vx（vx：Jenny_dynh）进行咨询。

A Discussion Of Ethical Dilemma Of Photo Journalism And Reporters

The Los Angeles Times reporter once spent three months devoted to taking photos the lives of drug-addicted mothers. They witnessed dozens of episodes of child abuse. Although they were shocked by what they saw and heard, they did not interfere. They have either made any effort to stop the abuse or report it to the authorities. Those children spent at least 4 months in the abused environment before they were found by officials. Their behavior makes some people angry. Some people accused the reporter. Faced with public condemnation, a reporter from the Los Angeles Times said they followed a traditional news rule. The above facts deeply hinted that reporters’ photo often encountered the same crime in the reporting process. There is a dilemma whether the photo should faithfully record news or respects the conscience.

There are deep reasons for the emergence of moral dilemmas. The reporter is a professional reporter on the one hand. Professional ethics requires that they truly document news events with a neutral, objective, and side-by-side attitude. In today’s Western society, news reporter should be an observer who is not biased towards neutrality. Almost a consensus has been reached. The professional ethics guidelines of all countries have also placed journalists’ professional responsibilities on faithfully recording news in a prominent position. On the other hand, the reporter is one part of society. An ordinary social person is living in a living environment and must abide by social order and pay attention to public morals. Professional responsibility requires reporters to faithfully record news, and to do this, sometimes it is necessary to suppress their sympathy and love, even for the sake of seeking the truth and have to lie or even deceive others. They will encounter the conscience of condemnation and moral dilemma that social morality brings to reporters.This kind of dilemma arises from the collision of journalists’ professional ethics and social morality. Also if they want to solve the professional ethics of journalism, it needs to further clarify the connotation of professional ethics in journalism seeking solutions to problems.

The important characteristics of the professional ethics of journalism is faithful recording of news and dedication to the public interest. The major theme of dilemma is the conflict between professional obligations and ethical responsibilities( Amend, Kay, & Reilly, 2012, p.235). Journalists are faithful recorders of news facts. The reporter do not whitewash the phenomenon of society. The vocation of the reporter is asking them to present clear and innocent news aid facts. They serve as witnesses to the news, as statements of the first draft of history. Its basic duty is to let the public know. From this point of view, the reporter has always had a side view of his identity, instead of disturbing the person who happened the incident. This is not only reflected in negative news such as exposure, etc. even in some neutral social news. The reporter is an observer of the news, instead of parties and players. However, the reporter’s social responsibility is to seek public interest for the public. The role of the journalist is the disseminator of news information, and it is also a social worker who serves the public. The lofty goal of serving the public interest has made it impossible for journalists to regard recording news faithfully as their sole responsibility. In fact, faithful recording of news has deteriorated due to the misuse of journalists as a result of the demand for benefits and the desire to make money. Also, these behaviors have caused the public’s skepticism and distrust of journalists. If reporters want to win the trust of the public, they should have a sense of social responsibility. The so-called sense of responsibility means that reporters’ reports are not only for interviewers, the interviewing department or the legal department, and it is responsible for the entire society. It serves the public, that is, the interests of the broad masses of the people. Then people can draw a conclusion: journalism ethics is about reporters who are faithful journalists. The reporter should have a sense of social responsibility, and serve the public interest. It is decided that reporters couldn’t offer what they wanted to report on the truth and record news. Instead, it should be based on the public interest as the starting point and foothold for news reporting. The great power of the journalists’ faithful records should be used to benefit the public interest and exercise the duties of the public spokesman. It can be seen from this. The professional ethics of the reporter and the social morality are not incompatible with each other. The journalism professional ethics serve the public and strengthens the sense of social responsibility. There is a point of convergence with social ethics. This meeting point is public interest.

In addition, the public interest is supposed to be a compass that leads reporters out of moral dilemma. The basic question editors should ask themselves is what is more important: the interest of society, or the interest of the publication(Preez, 1994, p.117). Since the public interest is the decisive point for journalists’ professional ethics and social morality, then it should naturally be the way to solve the moral dilemma faced by reporters in faithfully recording news. When journalists professional responsibilities of faithfully recording news is in conflict with social public morality, journalists should be measured by the public interest standards, proceeding from social welfare, and strive to achieve maximum social benefits. Faithful records can achieve good communication effect. It is helpful to promote the realization of social public interests. There is no doubt that the reporter should faithfully record. If faithfully recording news can only serve to tell people what is happening, and can even satisfy the curiosity and low-level tastes of some audiences at the cost of individual unnecessary harm, such news event reporters have full control over the need to faithful recording. Take an photojournalist taking pictures of abused children as an example, if his motivation for photographing is to use news photos to reach the relevant department as soon as possible to solve the problem so as to avoid more abuse, then his behavior is understandable. However, if the reporter takes pictures with the purpose to obtain photos that have strong visual impact and attract the attention of the audience in order to gain personal interests, his behavior should undoubtedly be spurned by the public.

As mentioned above, the moral dilemma faced by news reporters in faithfully recording news is rooted in the collision of journalism ethics and social ethics. The moral dilemma of faithfully recording the news and serving the public is just like a viper, are entangling many journalists’ minds . Photo journalists themselves are struggling with professional responsibility and moral conscience, and be at a loss. Therefore. It is no longer a purely theoretical issue to clarify the contradiction between journalism professional morality and social prosperity. It is also a major issue that is closely linked with journalistic practice. Serving the public interest is the common requirement of journalist ethics and social morality given to journalists. Public interest is the compass that leads journalists out of moral dilemmas.

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mma Of Photo Journalism And Reporters

A Discussion Of Ethical Dilemma Of Photo Journalism And Reporters

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Competitors

51Due教员组今天给各位留学生带来一篇纯原创代写市场范文，讲的是了解竞争对手的战略对于任何公司来说都是至关重要的，根据竞争对手的战略及时适当地调整业务战略总是很重要的。

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Competitors

Competitors in Branded Market

To get knowledge about competitors’ strategy is always vital to any company, it is always important to adjust business strategy properly and timely based on the competitors’ strategy (Olson et al, 2005).

In the past two years, company E ranked second on year scoreboard and first on game-to-date scoreboard for two consecutive years, and overall, company E has the highest weighted EPS and ROE among 5 companies. Significantly, the private-label segment of company E has done nothing in four markets for last two years, which means that company E made the high rank on the scoreboards only with the profit from branded market, therefore, company E has been believed that is the biggest competitor in branded market. By comparing the financial statements of every company in Year 16, it can be seen that the market share of company E is relatively higher than ours and ranked about second among 5 companies, but, this report believe which could not be the dominant factor for the success of company E on branded market. After a thoroughly research on company E’s statement, this report found that the pricing strategy of company E is very efficient and effective. This market has been considered is a price dominant market, and company E had priced mostly lower than others. Also, company E did very well on cost controlling. By accurate prediction on market demanding, company E reduced its cost to the lowest level. Therefore, by effective pricing and efficient cost controlling, company E made the highest weighted average EPS and ROE. However, company E performed dissatisfiedly in private-label market, in the last year, it even withdrew its private-label products from all markets in order to protect its profit in branded market. Actually, company E started retreat from private-label market from almost Year 13, this caused its ROE reduced by 52.3% from Year 11, and EPS decreased from $4.05 in Year 13 to $3.28, although its ROE and EPS remain higher than others, whereas, its business strategy could be doubted.

Competitors in Private-label Market

The closest competitor to us is company C, who invested in all four markets which is different from company B who invested in two and company A in two. Because company B and company A had invested in the other two markets which are different from ours, therefore, they have not been considered as the main competitors to us in private-label market. Company C participated in private-label market for all 7 years, thus it could be believed that company C values private-label market significant in its business strategy. But, company C did not perform very well in private-label market, the market shares in four market has remained at lower level over all time, which could be led by the unscientific business strategy or misunderstanding of market. From the very beginning, our company D is keeping focus on the private-label market, in order to gain profit, our aim is to control the most market shares in private-label market, and finally to achieve the economies of scale. By keeping minimize the price to maximize the utility, the production cost of our private-label production has been considerably reduced, and the economies of scale were achieved. With the advantage of economies of scale, we did manage to size the most market shares of private-label, however, due to the misunderstanding of system and the mistakes were made in pricing and cost controlling strategy, the advantage of market share has not been transferred into profit. Also, for marketing performance and practice, accurately forecast the demand of the market is very important in making business decision (Hunt and Lambe, 2010). An effective forecasting could lead company to boost its profit to the maximum, and use the utility efficiently and effectively which could reduce the plant, production and operating cost to the minimum (Nair et al, 2010). Due to the stockpile rule does not work in this simulation, thus, the production beyond the number of demanding will be wasted, and finally the unnecessary cost will raise a lot. Because of the misestimating of market demanding, the cost of our company D increased dramatically and finally our profit was swallowed by the growth of cost. Therefore, even with a success of holding most market shares in private-label market, our company D still performed not up to much on over all scoreboards.

Competitors in Internet Market

In internet market, company A has sized the most of market shares, also, company A has ranked first on Year 16 scoreboard with only superiority in internet market. Thus, it can be seen that company A is the strongest competitor in internet market. Through the analysis to company A’s business strategy, it has been found that company A was not doing well before year 16, but, it increased its investment in advertising in year 16, and so its internet market share expanded sharply. Therefore, we learned that internet market could be an advertising dominant market.

Learned from lesson

By experiencing this lesson, the communication ability and group work skill have been strengthened a lot. We got the knowledge that how to express our own opinion efficiently and fast, and learned how to express an opposite thinking without hurting others’ feeling. For example, in the decision making process before year 16, we had some different ideas about pricing, then, we all expressed our various ideas and then we decided by voting. Also, we have learned advantages from each other, leaned how to be a leader, a timekeeper or a recorder, these are not something that we could study from a textbook.

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Pruitt-Igoe Community

51Due教员组今天给各位留学生带来一篇纯原创代写公共政策范文，本文通过对普鲁特-伊戈社区的承租人、当局和设计师的介绍，指出设计师过于关注他的建筑师同伴，而对居民关注太少。

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Assignment: Pruitt-Igoe Community

In the name of urban renewal, large-scale removal of slums in cities and the construction of high-level affordable housing were going on in the 20^th century America. Many projects eventually became areas of poverty, high crime rates, and chaotic environment. Among them, the Pruitt-Igoe community in St. Louis Missouri is a representative case. The reason for the failure of a large number of public housing projects in the United States was once thought to be a problem with the architectural design of these houses. Through the introduction of the Pruitt-Igoe community’s renters, authorities, and designers, this paper points out that the designer had focused too much on his fellow architects and too little on the residents. Urban planning should not only design affordable housing communities in terms of spatial forms and architectural forms, but also examine how public housing planning and construction can be combined with good social and ecological development to promote community harmony.

Renters of the Pruitt-Igoe community were mainly the working-class and submerged middle-class in the city. During the 20th century, major cities in the United States experienced rapid industrialization. The slums in urban centers often had high living densities and poor environments, and are considered to be ugly scars in the city. Public Housing was invested and built by the government and targeted low- and middle-income people to solve the housing problems of low-income groups in the city. Another purpose of public housing construction is to attract the middle class to live in the city center, so as to restore the vitality of the urban center area. Yamasaki adopted a uniform layout method in the general plan layout under the limitation of the number of buildings. The purpose of not stopping elevators at all floors (only the first, fourth, seventh, and tenth floors) is to promote the socializing of residents in high-rise buildings. Setting up elevators to stop at only specific floors can increase the chances of meeting and communicating with neighbors and establish a good neighborhood relationship. Public service facilities such as galleries, laundry rooms and storage rooms have been designed on the floor where the elevators are parked, creating a community space for public communication and activities. This can turn each building in a residential area into a life-style community with close neighborhoods.

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is a specialized agency responsible for the construction and management of public housing. From the perspective of saving construction funds, HUD required all 33 buildings of the project to have 11 floors. During the construction of the Pruitt-Igoe community, HUD strictly controlled the cost. Many convenience facilities (such as children’s playgrounds, green areas, and public toilets on the ground floor) that were designed to promote linkages and activities among residents were canceled, and materials for building public facilities were also based on the lowest standard. After the completion of the community, a large number of outdoor public facilities in the original program design to promote neighborhood communication were not implemented at all. Only the most basic two innovative designs were still completed. In 1955, 33 buildings in the Pruitt-Igoe community were completed. Although the budget was continuously controlled during construction, the total cost was still 60% higher than the initial budget. After its completion, the Pruitt-Igoe community has become the tallest building complex in the region, and it is completely different from the surrounding architectural styles. Yamasaki’s design uses a very pure modernist architectural style. The facade is simple, unadorned, functional, and uniform. The large-scale high-rise buildings and the surrounding low-rise buildings have formed a huge contrast in image, which has become one of the reasons why the design of the Pruitt-Igoe community was widely criticized in the future.

Avant-grand architects of social housing in western Europe were already working on similar projects, and Yamasaki wanted to follow their steps and create something even better. Initially, part of the architectural community though very highly of Yamasaki’s work. However, that was before everything fell apart and the neighborhood deteriorated. The later demolition of the Pruitt-Igoe community was considered by the architecture community as a sign of the decline of modernism. Architects nowadays believe that the Pruitt-Igoe community has concentrated on the shortcomings of modernist architectural styles: uniform, monotonous and indifferent, lack of human touch. As time goes by, people think of the reason why the Pruitt-Igoe community was demolished, and generally think that the irrationality of the architectural design resulted in the failure of the Pruitt-Igoe community. Oscar Newman detailed analysis of architectural design issues in the Pruitt-Igoe community in his Creating Defensible Space. The problems include lack of protection and defense in the public promenade space. It was in an unsupervised state, and it was easy to induce criminal events. The entrance to the community’s internal buildings was facing a large area of public activity, so anyone could freely enter the buildings, including criminals who attacked the tenants in the elevators. This further deepens the impression that architectural design issues have caused the decline of the Pruitt-Igoe community, but essentially, it was Yamasaki’s failure to think from the authorities and the renters’ perspectives.

In conclusion, Minoru Yamasaki satisfied the architect the most in the design, at least the ones in his own era. He has failed to approach the project from a more practical perspective, failing to consider the profound effect of government budget and neighborhood management issues. The Pruitt-Igoe residential area is a design where functionalism went to extremes. In fact, European countries and US built a large number of such buildings in the 1950s and 1960s, causing widespread social problems. The destruction of Pruitt-Igoe residential area became a watershed between modernism and postmodernism. This event reminds every designer that the quality of design depends not only on the form of design, but also on the users, supervisors, and sponsors. While users are always the top priority for designers, failing to balance user needs with financing and regulation would only lead to failed projects.

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