各位留学生大家好!今天100Due教员组给大家分享的是一篇政治学essay代写范文,主要内容是讲:1894年后,共和国的总统职位被从圣保罗到米纳斯吉拉斯的咖啡种植园寡头政治所取代。这项政策被称为“咖啡馆”。总统和州长选举得到寡头政治的支持,以确保一些候选人当选。他们利用权力控制人民,作为对支持的回报。从1893年到1926年,平民和士兵的行动震惊了这个国家。军事运动起源于陆军和海军的低级兵团,如卡努多斯战争(War of Canudos)和查塔多战争(Conferado War),通常由对政权不满的救世主领导人领导,呼吁民主变革。20世纪30年代,随着世界经济衰退和政变的发生,“莱特咖啡馆”遭受了痛苦的打击,政治陷入了混乱,这需要像盖里奥·巴尔加斯这样的人掌权并应对这种混乱。
11. A Republic in Tatters
Questions / Outline
What tensions—economic, social, and cultural—all combined to dissolve support for the First Republic and bring Getúlio Vargas to power?
After 1894, the presidency of the Republic was replaced by the oligarchy of the coffee plantation from Sao Paulo to Minas Gerais. This policy is called “Café com leite”. The presidential and governor elections are supported by oligarchy to ensure that some candidates are elected. They use the power to control people as a repayment for support. From 1893 to 1926, movements of civilians and soldiers shocked the country. The military movement originated in the army and the Navy’s low-level military corps, such as War of Canudos and the Contestado War, usually led by Messianic leaders, who were dissatisfied with the regime, calling for the democratic change. In the 1930s, with world economic recession followed by coups, the “Café com leite” suffered a painful blow, the politics enter into a chaos, which needs people like Getúlio Vargas to have power and deal with such chaos.
Key Terms
Getúlio Vargas
He was president of Brazil for two terms(1930-1945; 1951-1954). He was known for the dissolution of the Congress and the abolition of the Constitution of 1934 to establish his own dominance. He has made key political, social and economic reforms in Brazil. He can not resist the pressure of the parties and committed suicide in the presidential palace with a pistol.
“Café com leite”
the control of Brazilian politics by the Old Republic (1889–1930) by the gentries of São Paulo and Minas Gerais of the coffee industry who are agrarian oligarchs.
Rui Barbosa
He is known for the abolition of slaver, prevention of indemnization of the former slave-owners, and defender of civil liberties, influencing the drafting of the first republican constitution.
Marshall Hermes da Fonseca
He is the 8th president of Brazil, serving between 1910 and 1914, and was in Portugal when the revolution that overthrew the Portuguese monarchy and replaced it with a new republican regime was set up.
The Social Question
It can be used as a general term to refer to all kinds of problems plaguing the society of Brazil.
Coffee Valorization
It is to increase or try to increase the price, value, or status of coffee by organized and usually governmental action using subsidies to valorize coffee.
Treaty of Taubaté (1906)
A treaty signed in one of the most important coffee production centers in the State of São Paulo, in southeastern Brazil in the country in 1906 for coffee recovery, the “zona da mata mineira .
Bertha Lutz
She is a leading figure in both the Pan American feminist movement and human rights movement in Brazil. She fights for the problems faced by indigenous women and is known for the study of amphibians.
Brazilian Federation for Women’s Progress (1922)
It is an political group founded by Bertha Lutz which promoted Brazilian women’s rights, such as the right to vote all over the world.
Patricia Galvão, Parque Industrial (Industrial Park, 1933)
It is a book first published in 1933, and it is Galvão’s most notable work. In the book, the problems of exploitation, poverty, racism prostitution, state repression, and neocolonialism are depicted in an ironic way.
Oswald de Andrade
He is a Brazilian poet, dramatists of a number of experimental plays, and polemicist, known as one of the founders of Brazilian modernism, Antropofagia movement and a member of the Group of Five with its main work as Manifesto Antropófago.
“Anthropophagists”
It is also called cannibalism, which means that people have the act or practice of eating the flesh of other human beings. It is one of key argument of Manifesto Antropófago, believing in that Brazil’s history is “cannibalizing” other cultures.
Modern Art Week
It is an arts festival held in São Paulo, Brazil from February 11 to February 18, in which individual Brazilian artists exhibits modernist work. It means the start of Brazilian Modernism.
- Getúlio Vargas
Questions / Outline
1. What tensions—social, political, economic, and cultural—all combined to dissolve support for the First Republic and bring Getúlio Vargas to power?
After 1894, the presidency of the Republic was replaced by the oligarchy of the coffee plantation from Sao Paulo to Minas Gerais. This policy is called “Café com leite”. The presidential and governor elections are supported by oligarchy to ensure that some candidates are elected. They use the power to control people as a repayment for support. From 1893 to 1926, movements of civilians and soldiers shocked the country. The military movement originated in the army and the Navy’s low-level military corps, such as War of Canudos and the Contestado War, usually led by Messianic leaders, who were dissatisfied with the regime, calling for the democratic change. In the 1930s, with world economic recession followed by coups, the “Café com leite” suffered a painful blow, the politics enter into a chaos, which needs people like Getúlio Vargas to have power and deal with such chaos.
Key Terms
Capoeira
In the 16th century, it was developed by the African immigrants in Brazil, as a unique dance including the art and martial arts . Although it has existed for hundreds of years, it was not until the 1930s that it was officially allowed to be spread.
Lundu
A sort of Afro-Brazilian music and dance originates and created by the African Bantu and Portuguese people with a style similar to the traditional West African music.
Samba
A popular Brazilian musical and dance style originates from the West African slave trade and African religious traditions. It is also known as a symbol of Brazil and the Brazilian Carnival.
Bossa Nova (“New Trend” or “New Beat”)
A type of Brazilian music developed and accepted in the 1950s and 1960s is marked by a lyrical combination of samba and jazz. Now, it is today known as the best-known Brazilian music in the foreign countries.
Modern Art Week
It is an arts festival held in São Paulo, Brazil from February 11 to February 18, in which individual Brazilian artists exhibits modernist work. It means the start of Brazilian Modernism.
Oswald de Andrade and the “Anthropophagists”
It is one of key argument of Oswald de Andrade’s book Manifesto Antropófago, believing in that Brazil’s history is “cannibalizing” other cultures in order to assert itself against European postcolonial cultural domination.
Luis Carlos Prestes
He is a Brazilian communist, the secretary-general of the Brazilian Communist Party and politician, organizing the 1920s tenente revolts to oppose to the dictator Getúlio Vargas in Brazil.
Prestes Column
It is a march through the Brazilian countryside from 1925 to 1927 in Brazil after Tenente revolts to show dissatisfaction with the República Velha, the institution of the secret ballot, and defend the public education.
Plínio Salgado
He is a founder of the Brazilian Integralist Action drawing on the Italian Fascist movement and the Party of Popular Representation. He was once a supporter of the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas and later persecuted and exiled in Portugal.
Integralists
They support that a nation is an organic unity. And the Brazilian integralist movement led by Plínio Salgado was once the largest political party ever founded in Brazil, having over a million members.
Júlio Prestes
He is the last elected President of Brazil during the República Velha . However, he was only president who was impeded of taking office as in the Revolution of 1930, the República Velha and government was overthrown.
Getúlio Vargas
He was president of Brazil for two terms(1930-1945; 1951-1954). He was known for the dissolution of the Congress and the abolition of the Constitution of 1934 to establish his own dominance. He has made key political, social and economic reforms in Brazil. He can not resist the pressure of the parties and committed suicide in the presidential palace with a pistol.
- The Estado Novo
Questions / Outline
1. What was the Estado Novo?
It is a regime existed during the period from 1937 to 1945 in which Getúlio Vargas passed a new, and authoritarian Constitution in a coup d’état, in order to maintain and strengthen his rule. After that, it dissolves Congress, and set up dictatorial powers.
2. What events brought it into being
A new, and authoritarian Constitution, the coup attempt of Communists known as the Intentona Comunista and the address of Vargas stressing the supposed Communist threat granted him more power, leading to Estado Novo.
3. What was the Estado Novo intended to do? And what policies were enacted in pursuit of those goals?
It is intended to maintain and strengthen dictatorial powers and the rule of Vargas. The policies included carrying out the prosecution of political dissenters, disbanding all political parties, and the National Security Tribunal becoming a permanent Court, and increasing the federal intervention.
4. How did Brazil under Vargas manage to industrialize despite the global economic depression of the 1930s?
Some fascist-style programs are carried out to inspire industrial growth and suppress the working class.
5. What two broadly defined objectives were shared by the political, cultural, and administrative reforms of the Vargas Era?
They are economical development and political dependence.
Key Terms
Getúlio Vargas
He was president of Brazil for two terms(1930-1945; 1951-1954). He was known for the dissolution of the Congress and the abolition of the Constitution of 1934 to establish his own dominance. He has made key political, social and economic reforms in Brazil. He can not resist the pressure of the parties and committed suicide in the presidential palace with a pistol.
Estado Novo
It was a regime existed during the period from 1937 to 1945 in which Getúlio Vargas passed a new, and authoritarian Constitution in a coup d’état, in order to maintain and strengthen his rule. After that, it dissolves Congress, and set up dictatorial powers.
Patricia Galvão, Parque Industrial (Industrial Park, 1933)
It is a book first published in 1933, and it is Galvão’s most notable work. In the book, the problems of exploitation, poverty, racism prostitution, state repression, and neocolonialism are depicted in an ironic way.
Luis Carlos Prestes
He is a Brazilian communist, the secretary-general of the Brazilian Communist Party and politician, organizing the 1920s tenente revolts to oppose to the dictator Getúlio Vargas in Brazil.
Prestes Column
It is a march through the Brazilian countryside from 1925 to 1927 in Brazil after Tenente revolts to show dissatisfaction with the República Velha, the institution of the secret ballot, and defend the public education.
Plínio Salgado
He is a founder of the Brazilian Integralist Action drawing on the Italian Fascist movement and the Party of Popular Representation. He was once a supporter of the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas and later persecuted and exiled in Portugal.
Integralists
They support that a nation is an organic unity. And the Brazilian integralist movement led by Plínio Salgado was once the largest political party ever founded in Brazil, having over a million members.
Alianza Nacional Libertadora (ANL)
It was a Nacionalista and fascist movement influenced by fascism calling for “hierarchy and order” in society, xenophobic and anti-Semitic ideas with General José Félix Uriburu as the founder of the movement and the Andean condor as the symbol .
Partida Communista Brasileira (PCB)
It is a communist and Marxist–Leninist political party. It is founded in 1922 and is marked by rapid growth, impacting the dozens of anarchist in a bad manner.
November 10, 1937
On this day, Brazilian President Getúlio Vargas passed a new Constitution, which declared that he would have dictatorial powers.
By this, he also cancelled the following presidential elections and became president once again.
Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Publico (DASP) (1938)
It was a public agency of the Brazilian federal government, created by Decree-Law No. 579 during the government of Getúlio Vargas. It was part of a reform effort in the Brazilian public administration, and was already written in the constitution of 1937. In addition to providing elements to improve the public machine, DASP should provide technical advice to the president of the republic and prepare the budget proposal.
Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
A strategy that Brazil from the 1930s to the 80’s implemented and it achieved brilliant achievements. But in the 1980s they suffered a debt crisis and financial crisis, lagging behind a number of industrial emerging countries. The reason why Latin American countries adopt this model is based on the background of World War II and the Great Depression.
Direct Public Investment (DPI)
It is generally defined as capital and investments from central and local government , which are often limited to specific areas of public service because governments can not directly intervene in the field of corporate activity at the micro level.
- Military Rule
Questions / Outline
1. What distinguished the military softliners from the hardliners and what brought the latter to power?
The former support the free enterprise, and advocate anti-communist foreign policy, adhering to the democratic system. In economic policy, it supports economic liberalism. In foreign policy, it views Brazil as a faithful ally of the United States. But hardliners had a tendency toward nationalism, and are against the United States and the Soviet Union, and their economy penetration, as they think foreign capital disrupted the Brazilian economy. According to the 1946 Constitution, in October 1965 it held elections in 11 states, but the election results put hard-liners at advantage. Also, the signing of the institutional Act 2 brought the latter to power.
2. How and why was television important to the military junta?
Restricting the use of radio and television in parliamentary elections is one article of Amendments to Constitution No. 7, Amendment to Constitution No. 8. The military junta used television to control people’s mind and suppress dissidents for the Brazilian dictatorship.
Key Terms
Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco
He is a Brazilian military leader, politician, the first President of the Brazilian military government after military coup d’etat in 1964 and advocated government intervention of economy.
Institutional Act No. 1 (AI-1)
It is the first of major decrees issued in Brazil. It declared that the president is able to propose constitutional amendments to Parliament; it transfers the special powers of Parliament’s financial and budgetary legislation to the President; the president was given the power to declare a 30-day state of emergency; the president was given a wide range of powers.
União Democrático Nacional (UDN)
It is called also National Democratic Union, and it is one of three parties dominating national politics after President Getúlio Vargas was deposed but his impact in Brazil continued. As a rightist party, it is anti President Getúlio Vargas when he was deposed by a military coup.
Aliança Renovadora Nacional (ARENA)
It is a conservative political party that existed in Brazil between 1966 and 1979 to provide support for the military.Democratic Social Party (PDS) is a continuation of ARENA.
Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (MDB)
It was a political party in Brazil from 1965 to 1979, composed of politicians who opposed the military regime. It changes into the Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement after the signing of a new Political Parties Law.
Artur da Costa e Silva
He is a Brazilian Army General and President of the Brazilian military government after the 1964 coup d’état. In his term, Institutional Act 5 was passed, which gave the President more powers, such as dismissal of the National Congress.
Institutional Act No. 5 (AI-5)
It is passed during the term of Artur da Costa e Silva. It can dismiss the National Congress, deprive politicians of their power, and make repressive rule against left-wing parties and individuals become institutional.
Rede Globo (“Globo Network”)
It is a Brazilian television network founder in 1965with a lot of programming, covering a large number of potential audience, almost the entire Brazilian population.
O Grande Brasil (“Vast Brazil”)
It is a Brazilian TV Show broadcast.
Itaipú Dam
It is a hydroelectric dam on the Paraná River between Brazil and Paraguay after negotiations between them during the 1960s which is completed in 1984,.
Transamazon Highway
It is built on September 27, 1972, which is 4,000 km long. It is the third longest highway in Brazil, which crosses through a lot of Brazilian states.
Angra dos Reis
It is a Brazilian municipality located in the southern part of Rio de Janeiro state where the Brazil’s nuclear power stations, Angra I and Angra II are located.
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